* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 08. Concept of Inflammation and the Immune Response
Survey
Document related concepts
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Immunocontraception wikipedia , lookup
Social immunity wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Lymphopoiesis wikipedia , lookup
Inflammation wikipedia , lookup
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular mimicry wikipedia , lookup
Immune system wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive immune system wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Cancer immunotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Concepts of Inflammation and the Immune Response Local inflammation Cells that contribute to the inflammatory response Tissue damage Mast cells signal to other cells Macrophages White blood cells Cytokines are signaling molecules Released by cells of the immune system Coordinate the immune response Cytokines Signaling Autocrine Cytokines Signaling 2. Paracrine Cytokines Signaling 3. Endocrine Immunity Purpose of inflammation and immunity is to neutralize, eliminate, or destroy organisms that invade the internal environment. (Continued) Immunity (Continued) Immune system cells distinguish self from non-self proteins and cells, which include infected body cells, cancer cells, and organisms. This ability to recognize self versus non-self is necessary to prevent Human Leukocyte Antigens Antigens are a normal part of the person and act as antigens if they enter another person’s immune system. These antigens specify the tissue type of a person. Inflammation Provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins. The capability for inflammatory response is critical to health and well-being. Causes visible symptoms and can rid the body of harmful organisms. Tissue damage may result CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION (ACUTE OR CHRONIC) 1. Microbial infections. 2. Hypersensitivity immune reactions. 3. Chemical substances. 4. Physical agents. 5. Necrosis. Infection Infection is usually accompanied by inflammation; however, inflammation can occur without invasion by organisms. Inflammation does not always mean Sequence of Inflammatory Responses Warmth Redness Swelling Pain Decreased function Sequence of Inflammatory Responses Stage I (vascular): change in blood vessels – Phase I: constriction – Phase II: hyperemia and edema Stage II (cellular exudate): neutrophilia, pus Stage III (tissue repair Processes closely linked to the inflammatatory response: Immune reactions Wound healing 1) Immune reactions: Cell mediated immunity - T-lymphocytes Humoral immunity - B-lymphocytes Concept of antigen presentation (p.173) Langerhans cells (not to be confused with Langhans giant cells) Cytokines (basic principles – p. 169) - Act as messengers between inflammatory cells, coordinating the inflammatory response. 2) Wound healing Formation of granulation tissue and the process of organisation). (Organisation formation of scar tissue) Role of growth factors - only basic principles Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells granulation tissue. Fibroblast growth factor stimulates fibroblasts to produce collagen fibrosis (scarring) . Antibody Classification All antibodies are immunoglobulins, also called gamma globulins. – Globulin is a protein in a globular shape. – Globular proteins provide immunity. – Resulting term is immunoglobulin. Five antibody types are classified by size, timing, and association. Acquiring Antibody-Mediated Immunity Innate-native immunity—natural immunity Adaptive immunity Active immunity Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity Helps protect the body by differentiating self from nonself cells; non-self cells most easily recognized by cellmediated immunity are cancer cells and those self cells infected by organisms that live within host cells. Important in preventing the development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens. Helper/Inducer T-cells Most correct name is CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4) Also called OKT4 positive or Leu-3 positive because of specific antigens on the membrane surface Helper/inducer T-cells easily recognize self Helper/Inducer T-cells (Continued) Helper/inducer T-cells act as organizers in “calling in arms“ of various squads of WBCs involved in inflammatory, antibody, and cellular defensive actions to destroy or neutralize antigens. Transplant Rejection Hyperacute graft rejection Acute graft rejection Chronic rejection Treatment of transplant rejection Maintenance Rescue therapy TWO BASIC TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE: - Humoral - Cell-mediated Humoral = production of antibodies by plasma cells. Cell-mediated immunity = Interaction between T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Two subpopulations of T-lymphocytes: T-helper cells: “Help” B-cells to differentiate into plasma cells. T-suppressor cells: Regulate (suppress) antibody production. (T-cytotoxic cells = subtype of Tsuppressor cells can directly kill “foreign” cells e.g. tumour cells, virallyinfected cells etc.) T-cells have receptors on their cell surfaces that may bind to specific antigens (e.g. microbial antigens) T-cells can only bind to antigens which have already been processed by macrophages ( = antigen-presenting function of macrophages Interaction between T-cells and macrophages is regulated by cytokines. Under certain circumstances, or in certain specific diseases, this interaction of T-cells and macrophages leads to the formation of granulomas (“granulomatous chronic inflammation”). Granulomas are small collections of epithelioid cells (transformed histiocytes). (Histiocytes are tissue macrophages).