Download The Ancient Romans

The Ancient Romans
The Path of Roman Conquest
City-State Rivalry
• Rome became more powerful and began a
Carthage a
rivalry (fighting) with _____________,
wealthy Phoenician city-state in northern
Africa, for control of trade in the
Mediterranean Sea.
Phoenician Enemies
Rome fought three
wars with Carthage
called the
Punic Wars from
________________Punicus, the Roman
word for Phoenician.
First Punic War
During the First Punic War, (264 B.C.-241
B.C.), Rome gained control of ________.
Sicily Rome
sent a governor to oversee its first ____________,
or
self-governing region.
province
Second Punic War
In the Second Punic War, (218 B.C.-201 B.C.), the
Carthaginian general Hannibal led soldiers and
war elephants over the high, snow-covered Alps into
the Italian Peninsula. He won many battles, but
the Romans would not give up. They defeated
Hannibal in 202 B.C. at the Battle of Zama.
•
Under Roman Control
The Romans forced conquered peoples to pay
taxes
slaves
________ and many were taken as _________.
Some Roman plebeians lost their jobs because the
slaves replaced them as free labor.
plebeians
slaves
Results of the Punic War
Conflicts arose between the Romans who
• _______________
were rich and those who were poor.
Struggle for Power
Leaders struggled for power which led to a
series of _______________.
civil wars For three years a
dictator named _______
Sullahad control until
79B.C. Then leadership returned to the
consuls.
Beyond the Italian Peninsula
A leader named _______
Julius__________
Caesar
was elected consul in 60 BC. He
and his army were popular with the
Roman citizens. Caesar showed he
was a strong leader, and he was
Dictator
made ______________________
Julius Caesar
As a dictator, (he ruled for 10 years), he
changed the Senate so that it better
represented the people. He created new jobs
and gave citizenship to more people,
including those from the provinces, and
issued decrees that helped the poor.
A Conspiracy
Some senators worried that Caesar was planning to
become a king. They plotted to kill Caesar. Caesar
was killed by a small group of senators on March
15, 44 B.C., a day known as
_____________________on
Ides of March the Roman calendar. His
death led to a time of unrest in Rome.
After Julius Caesar
Marcus Antonius, a general in the Roman
army, became Rome’s new leader. Then
Octavian, a relative of Caesar, challenged his
right to rule.
The Triumvirate
In 43 B.C., Octavian, Antony, and another
general named Lepidus agreed to form a
_________________________, or group of three
rulers who share power. These three leaders
struggled with on another for power, and civil
wars broke out.
Antony and Cleopatra
When Caesar had conquered
Egypt, he allowed Cleopatra to
stay in power. Antony met with
Egypt’s queen and formed an
alliance against Octavian. In 31
B.C., Octavian’s forces defeated
Antony and Cleopatra in a
famous sea battle near Actium in
Greece. Both Antony and
________________
died within a few
Cleopatra
days of their defeat. Octavian
became the ruler of all Roman
lands.
The First Emperor
In 27 B.C., the Roman Senate gave Octavian
the title _____________,
Augustus which means “respected
one” or “holy one”.
The End of the Republic
Augustus was Rome’s first emperor, but he
never used this title. Instead, he adopted the
title princeps, meaning “first citizen”. The
Roman Republic ended when Augustus’s rule
began.