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Ancient Rome Timeline Period: The Monarchy, 753 BC to 509 BC Political and military events 753 Cultural and other events Foundation of Rome c.600 616-579 Tarquinius Priscus 579-543 Servius Tullius 543-509 Tarquinius Superbus Iron Age huts on Palatine hill Forum area drained Earliest Latin inscriptions Capitoline temple built Period: The Republic, 509 BC to 27 BC Political and military events 509 494 Expulsion of the Kings Plebeians struggle with patricians for rights 390 Rome sacked by Gauls 338 Extension of Roman citizenship 287 End of struggle with patricians Rome wins control of whole of Italy 264-241 First Punic War (against Carthage): Rome wins Sicily 218-201 Second Punic War: Hannibal defeated; 206 Spain becomes two Roman provinces 214-167 Macedonian Wars 197-133 Wars in Spain 149-146 Third Punic War: Carthage destroyed, Africa becomes Roman province Macedonia becomes Roman 148 province Cultural and other events More temples built 450 First law code: Twelve Tables 378 City wall built Romanisation of Italy 312 Appian Way built c.280 Coinage begins 264 First gladiatorial games 272 Hellenisation of Roman society; comedies of Plautus and Terence; poetry of Ennius Asia becomes Roman province; land reforms of Tiberius Gracchus 123-122 Laws of Gaius Gracchus 113-101 War against Cimbri 107-86 Seven consulships of Marius; 104 army reforms 91-87 Social War; Roman citizenship extended to all Italy 88-85 First Mithridatic War 82-81 Dictatorship of Sulla: proscriptions, reforms; rise of Pompey 73-71 Revolt of Spartacus 73-63 Third Mithridatic War Consulship of Cicero; conspiracy 63 of Catiline 'First triumvirate' (Pompey, Caesar, 60 Crassus) 58-50 Caesar conquers Gaul; 55, 54 expeditions to Britain 133 49-45 Caesar wins civil war against Pompey and republicans 44 Caesar dictator for life; assassinated 'Second triumvirate' (Antony, Octavian, Lepidus); proscriptions, murder of Cicero 43 32-31 30 Speeches, treatises and letters of Cicero; poetry of Catullus and Lucretius; histories of Caesar; 55 Pompey's theatre 46 Caesar's forum c.39 Histories of Sallust Virgil's Eclogues 29 Virgil's Georgics Octavian wins civil war against Mark Antony; 31 Actium Death of Antony Period: The Empire, 27 BC to AD 476 Political and military events 27 Octavian becomes first emperor Augustus Cultural and other events 27 Agrippa's Pantheon 19 Virgil's Aeneid; poetry of Horace, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid; history of Livy 16-AD 6 Conquest of Danube provinces 13 9 2 AD 9 14 14-37 37-41 41-54 43 54-68 60-61 Theatre of Marcellus Ara Pacis Augustae Augustus' forum AD Varian disaster Death of Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Conquest of Britain Nero Boudicca's revolt 14 64 66-70 68-69 69-79 Jewish revolt Galba, Otho, Vitellius Vespasian 79-81 Titus 81-96 96-98 98-117 107 Domitian Nerva Trajan Conquest of Dacia Augustus' Res Gestae Teaching and death of Christ Treatises and tragedies of Seneca; poetry of Persius and Lucan; novel of Petronius Fire of Rome; first persecution of Christians 112 Histories and treatises of Pliny the Elder Eruption of Vesuvius Colosseum Epigrams of Martial, rhetoric of Quintilian Histories of Tacitus, letters of Pliny the Younger, satires of Juvenal Trajan's forum 122 Biographies of Suetonius 142 Hadrian's Wall Antonine Wall Novel and oratory of Apuleius; legal writings of Gaius 216 260 271 Baths of Caracalla Decree of toleration of Christianity Aurelian's city wall 79 80 117-138 Hadrian 138-161 Antoninus Pius 161-180 Marcus Aurelius 180-192 Commodus 193-235 Severan dynasty Roman citizenship extended to all 212 free inhabitants of the empire Dacia ceded to the Goths 272 284-305 Diocletian Tetrarchy established 293 307-337 Constantine I Defeat of Maxentius at Milvian 312 Bridge 315 324 410 455 476 Britain told to defend itself Vandals sack Rome Loss of western Roman empire complete Arch of Constantine Foundation of Constantinople