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Immune System
and
Carly, Tyler, CJ, Angelo, Sherrese
Key Terms to Know
Phagocytes: cells that destroy other cells by surrounding them
and engulfing them.
Macrophages (or antigen presenting cells): a type of phagocyte
that travels through the body and engulfs anything that is not
recognized as part of the self.
Lysosome: inside the macrophage and breaks down the
engulfed substance into its component parts.
Antigen: anything that your body recognizes as foreign.
Key Terms to Know
T Cells (or T lymphocytes): made from stem cells in the bone
marrow, and then travel to the thymus.
Thymus: a small gland that sits above the heart. They learn to
recognize invading microbes by the antigens that are exposed
on their surface.
Helper T Cells: responsible for initiating the immune response.
They contain a receptor called the T-cell receptor.
Cytotoxic T Cells: responsible for rupturing membranes of cells
that have been infected.
Key Terms to Know
Inducer T Cells: oversee the development of T cells in the
thymus.
Suppressor T Cells: responsible for stopping the immune
response.
B Cells: these cells do not travel to the thymus after they have
been made like T cells do. They travel in the blood stream
"looking" for foreign antigens. When it locates an antigen, it
splits into plasma cells which produce antibodies.
Antibody: soluble proteins that bind to the foreign invader
wherever it occurs and mark it for destruction.
Normal Immune Response
1. Invading microbe enters
the body and then engulfed
by a macrophage.
4. Helper T Cell is activated
and immune response is
initiated.
2. Microbe is broken down
into constituent parts or
peptides which are then
presented on the surface of
cell.
5. B Cells also recognize and
bind to these antigens on the
macrophage.
3. Helper T Cell recognizes
the foreign structure and
binds to it.
6. T Cells release
lymphokines, causing B Cells
to multiply into plasma cells
and make antibodies and
mark the peptide for
destruction.
Process of T Cells and B Cells Interact with Antigens
Autoimmune Response
-This response occurs before
the helper T cells recognize a
cell of the body as foreign and
mark it for destruction.
-T Cells should have
receptors for peptides that are
killed by the thymus. If this
doesn't happen then the T
Cells can exit the blood
stream. Then it can recognize
a peptide and initiate the
immune response.
-The steps for this response is
similar to the normal
response.
-This response is initiated in
the thymus which would occur
because of the location of the
myoid cells.
-These cells are surrounded
by macrophages and helper T
cells. If there happens to be
some alteration in the myoid
cells then the autoimmune
response would occur.
Extravasation
Microphage (left) Antigen Presenting Cells(right)
Etiology
Genetic:
Polymorphisms of several genes
Environmental:
Activates cell immune responses
Symptons:
Allergic rhinitis
Treatment:
Other Systems of the Body in Relation
to the Immune System
The Nervous System:
Helps a person respond to emergencies by mobilizing the
body's energy.
Reduces lymphocytes
Hormones and neuropeptides (convey messages to different
cells in the nervous system that also communicates with the
immune system)
Brain directly influences the immune system by sending
messages down nerve cells
Nerve fibers are connected to the thymus gland, lymph nodes,
spleen, and bone marrow
Immune system may function in a sensory capacity like the
nervous system
Other Systems of the Body In Relation
to the Immune System
The Lymphatic System
Includes bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland
System functions to: absorb excess fluids and return them to
the blood stream. Fight infections
Lymph nodes are filled with white blood cells called
lymphocytes
Along specialized vessels are special areas where lymphocytes
can be 'recruited, mobilized, and deployed' to appropriate sites
as part of the immune response
System works when you are sick: lymph nodes swell because
lymphatic vessels drain the infection by carrying it to the
nearest area where an immune response can be organized
New Research and Development
House Remedies: honey, rose water, and various food extracts.
The American Accademy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
(AAAAI) conducted studies that showed when certain foods are
heated, they become tolerable to those previously allergic.
Duke University along with the Arkansas Children's Hospital
concluded that exposure to increasing amounts of peanut flour
helps to gradually build up a tolerance to a peanut allergy.
New Research and Development
Scientists and researchers from Ireland and Japan
recently discovered that a certain gene found in mice could
open new techniques to help cure allergies
The filaggrin gene which helps skin produce a protective barrier
helps to stop allergens from entering the body, which can
provide leads for eczema and asthma
Many think that mice represent a key to unlock new and
improved therapies because drugs and treatments can now be
focused on this gene.
Anaphylaxis
• Anaphylaxis- an extreme allergic
reaction
• Body becomes hypersensitive to a
substance
• After the substance is introduced,
the body becomes hypersensitive
and develops a severe allergic
reaction, and can quickly result in
death
• Symptoms appear rapidly plus
become life threatening
• Serious symptoms include severe
drop in blood pressure, severe
asthma, closing of the throat
• Also hives, swelling around mouth
and airways, alterations in heart
Anaphylaxis
• Individuals that develop
anaphylaxis are at a higher
risks for a life threatening
situation
• In cases of anaphylaxis, the
body will produce high amounts
of mucus in the nasal line to
attack pathogen thus restricting
the airways
• Immediately after a person
experiences anaphylactic
shock, adrenaline followed by
medication will counteract the
process
• Anaphylaxis can be caused by
food allergies including nuts or
Anaphylaxis
• Anaphylaxis discovery
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Charles Richet established first
complete study of extreme immune
reaction
He extracted the highly toxic venom
from the Portuguese man-of-war and
injected the substance into dogs
The specimens that survived recovered
and were re-injected with the venom
Richet believed that the dogs would
develop an immunity to the substance
Surprisingly, when the dogs were given
a smaller dosage of the venom, it quickly
killed them
The dogs became hypertensive to the
venom
Richet coined the process as
anaphylaxis because it was the opposite
of prophylaxis
Later in his career, Richet received the
Nobel Peace Prize for medicine for the
discovery of anaphylaxis
Asthma
Definition of Asthma
A common habitual disorder of the airways
that is complex & characterized by
changeable and persistent symptoms,
airflow blockage, bronchial hyper
responsiveness, and an underlying
inflammation
Immunochemistry
• Arachidonic Acid
Cascade--CHEMICAL
PROCESSCREATES BAD
CHEMCIALSCAUSES CHANGE
IN BODY- CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
Immunochemistry
• Leukotrienes-BAD CHEMICAL CAUSED
ARACHIDONIC ACID CASCADE
Def: one out of a group of hormones
responsible for hay fever and asthma
symptoms
Results of creating Leukotrienes
• Causes hyper responsiveness in airways
- over sensitive, hyperactive to inhalation of Dust,
exercise, cigarette smoke, etc.
• Airways are inflamed, and are coated with a thick
layer of mucus.
• Hyper responsiveness cause muscles to tighten
up (contract)
• Contracted muscles + inflamed airways leads to
difficulty breathing.
Basic facts of Asthma
• Lung condition that makes breathing
difficult
• Common disease among kids and
teenagers. However, people can acquire
asthma as a baby.
Symptoms of Asthma
• Coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath
Asthma Treatments
• Inhaler- used to inhale
medicinal
vapors/anesthetics
(two kinds of inhalers MDISspray form DPIS-powder
form
• Nebulizer- electrically
powered machine, turns
liquid medication into mist
What do Inhalers/Nebulizers do?
• The Medicine in them helps the airways to
dilate, to make it easier to breathe.
Two kinds of inhalers
• Rescue inhalers: fastacting, used during an
asthma attack, treats
immediate symptoms,
DOES NOT treat
inflammation that leads to
symptoms ex. Albuterol
• Maintenance symptoms:
long term use, helps user
avoid symptoms and
attacks, prevents and cuts
down swelling in airways
and lungs ex. advair
New/Experimental Treatments
• Heat is utilized through a catheter (hollow
tube) into bronchial tubes. Heat is
deployed to windpipe lining.
• Symptoms are enhanced at first, but
treated patients’ attacks decreased by one
third.
• However, it is risky. complex process, a
lot of untrained physicians.
• Only for those with more severe
symptoms