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Transcript
The immune system Andrea Duncan Non-specific defenses (innate) Physical barriers Skin and mucous membranes Bark Biochemical barriers Stomach Saliva, sweat, tears Fever inflammation Phagocytes: Consume foreign or aged materials in bloodstream and lymphatic system Leukocyte (white blood cell)—natural killer cell, kills virus-infected cells Specific defenses (adaptive) Components of blood erythrocytes (red blood cells) leukocytes (white blood cells) platelets Leukocytes Granulocytes Eosinophils—focus on parasites of the skin and lungs Neutrophils—Most common leukocyte, short-lived, respond to inflammation in an injury (chemotaxis), macrophagial and cytotoxic to foreign bodies Basophils—cause inflammation and produce histamine Monocytes—turn into specified macrophages, ingest dead neutrophils Leukocytes continued Lymphocytes Develop in primary lymphoid organs and live in secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, tonsils, intestinal tract, under skin) Bone marrow—produces stem cells, which differentiate into different types of blood cells Travel through both blood and lymphatic systems, pass from blood through lymph nodes, pass from lymphatic system through thoracic duct Two types B cells Produced and Develop in bone marrow Antibody-mediated immune response Produce antibodies (protein) when they encounter an antigen B cell Antibodies Each B-cell is covered with the same antibody, therefore can only bind to that specific antigen Structure: 4 polypeptide chains, two identical sides, 2 binding sites; many different amino acid sequences on binding sites for different purposes, different combinations of antibody chains account for more types of antibodies than there are genes (antibody diversity) Antibodies mark antigen for non-specific destruction by binding to them May bind multiple antigens together for easy destruction, or mark them for other cells to destroy— complement system Once bound to an antigen, cell multiplies into 2 types of cell: Plasma cells Produce more of the same antibody to fight specific antigen, short lifespan Memory B cells Exist to respond if antigen returns to body, less of these made T cells Produced in bone marrow, Develop in thymus (just above heart) Cell-mediated immune response Produce chemicals that produce and maintain an immune response T-cell receptors on surface activate when parts of an antigen are recognized on an MHC protein—both occur on the surface of a cell that is infected by a virus Differentiate between foreign and self by recognizing HLA molecules on a cell…all cells of the body except for red blood cells have a different combination of these molecules on their surface—tolerance Organ transplant—more successful if HLAs of donor and recipient are mostly identical (lesser immune response) Types of T cell: CTLs—Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Limit viral infections by killing virus-infected cells TH—Helper T cells Produce cytokines, which stimulate other lymphocytes to reproduce Speeds up production of B plasma cells, which in turn boosts release of specific antibodies into the bloodstream Th1—stimulate cytotoxic response Th2—stimulate antibody response video Immune memory Long-term resistance to repeat offenders—clonal selection Primary immune response—when first exposed to antigen Secondary immune response—reaction using memory B cells Antiviral drugs—prevent virus from reproducing Antibiotics—attack bacteria Vaccines dead or weakened organisms that make body create immunity without organism actually getting infected Inactivated=unable to reproduce Attenuated=unable to cause disease Chicken pox, smallpox, measles, mumps, Hepatitis A and B, rabies, rubella, typhoid, tuberculosis Edward Jenner—cured smallpox Louis Pasteur—vaccine for rabies and others Currently research occurring for a vaccine for AIDS Immune system malfunctions Immune suppression Medication and illegal drugs Infectious agents—HIV Immune hyperactivity Allergic reactions—poison ivy, metallic, asthma, seasonal allergies Autoimmunity Body attacks its own cells—rheumatoid arthritis, MS, diabetes Caused by combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors Leukemia Lymphocytes turn cancerous, malfunctioning lymphocytes crowd out normal ones and decrease immune system May break off into bloodstream or bone marrow HIV/AIDS HIV=human immunodeficiency virus AIDS=acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV/AIDS Affects helper T cells, sometimes macrophages and nerve cells Attachment site: CD4 protein, attaching protein: gp 120 Viral infection…(steps review?) Result: decrease in helper T cells, greatly weakens immune system; constant war between helper T cells and HIV Why no cure? Retrovirus—RNA material, mutation Most of life cycle inside cells video Works Cited "Discovery Health "How Your Immune System Works"" Discovery Health "Health Guides" Web. 13 June 2011. <http://health.howstuffworks.com/humanbody/systems/immune/immune-system11.htm>. Greenberg, Jon. BSCS Biology: a Molecular Approach. New York: Glencoe McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print. "HIV, AIDS and the Immune System." Information Technology. Web. 13 June 2011. <http://people.ku.edu/~jbrown/hiv.html>. Leukocyte functions. Digital image. Immune Cell Survival: Walking a Tightrope. Web. 13 June 2011. <http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/sp-su98/images/immune1.gif>. "Untitled Document." University of Virginia | Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME). <http://bme.virginia.edu/ley/leukocytes.html>. Web. 13 June 2011. YouTube - 3D Medical Animation: Antibody Immune Response. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. June 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrYlZJiuf18>. Web. 13 YouTube - HIV Destroys Helper T-cells | Biology | Anatomy | Immunology. YouTube - Broadcast Web. 13 June 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2h0ECyMWhE>. Yourself. YouTube - Introduction to How the Immune System Works | Biology | Anatomy | Immunology. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 13 June 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWMJIMzsEMg>. YouTube - Macrophages, B-cells, Pathogens, Antibody Immune Response. YouTube - Broadcast Web. 13 June 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDYL4x1Q6uU>. Yourself.