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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
to Psychology
Topics
•
•
•
What Is Psychology?
Contemporary Perspectives and Areas
of Specialization
Research methods in psychology
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 1
Psychology Defined

Psychology – The study of behavior and
mental processes
Psychiatry – A branch of medicine
concerned with the treatment of mental
illnesses
Psychologist: PhD
Psychiatrist: MD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwhU6pciTt4
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 2
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 3
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 4
What are the goals of Psychology?
Description of Behaviors
Understanding
Prediction
Control
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 5
Early Pioneers and Schools of
Thought
School of Thought
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt psychology
Pioneer
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Max Wertheimer
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 6
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
Structuralism was an early approach to
psychology that tried to identify the basic
parts, or structure, of the conscious
mind.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 7
Structuralism
Edward Titchener – brought Wundt’s
ideas to the United States, came up with
the term, “structuralism”
Structuralists uncovered the parts of the
mind through introspection.
Introspection was a research method
where subjects free associated about
whatever was on their mind.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 8
Functionalism
William James (1842–1910)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWv3tQUY-9k
Functionalism was an early approach
to psychology that tried to discover how
the conscious mind functions to help
humans survive in their environments.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 9
Functionalism
James argued that consciousness
cannot be broken down into parts
(structuralism)
Known for “stream of consciousness”
James is credited with writing the first
psychology textbook
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 10
Gestalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)
Gestalt psychology was an early
approach to psychology that studied
how the mind actively organizes stimuli
into meaningful wholes.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 11
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 12
Behaviorism
An approach to psychology developed in
the early 20th century
Behaviorism concerned itself only with
observable behavior
Notable behaviorists
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
BF Skinner
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 13
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov was a Russian
physiologist studying the
salivation and digestion of
dogs
He learned that dogs
would drool at the sound of
a bell after it had been
paired repeatedly with food
Classical conditioning
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 14
John Watson
American psychologist who
based his experiments on
Pavlov’s findings
Johns Hopkins
Believed all behavior was a
response to a stimulus in the
environment
Known for Little Albert
experiment
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 15
BF Skinner
Most influential behaviorist
Harvard psychologist
All human behavior is a
result of learning
Known for reinforcement,
punishment, and
schedules of
reinforcement
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 16
Psychodynamic
 Sigmund Freud (late 19th, early
20th c.)
 Austrian neurologist who noticed
that many illnesses were
psychological
 Wrote Interpretation of Dreams
(1900)
 Used psychoanalysis to treat
patients
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 17
Psychodynamic
 Asserted mental disorders arise from
conflicts in the unconscious mind
 Human behavior primarily
determined by unconscious
processes
 Theory not based on experimental
evidence;
 Influential on American psychology
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 18
Women and Culturally Diverse
Pioneers
Mary Whiton Calkins – 1st woman APA
president (1905)
Margaret Washburn – 1st woman to
receive a PhD (1894)
Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark
– provided scientific proof to Supreme
Court to help end segregation
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 19
Clark and Clark’s Experiment
Children aged 3 to 7 were presented two
dolls, one with light colored skin and the
other with dark colored skin.
Four requests
1.
2.
3.
4.
Give me the doll that you want to play with
Give me the doll that is a nice doll
Give me the doll that looks bad
Give me the doll that is a nice color
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 20
“What was surprising was the degree to which
the children suffered from selfrejection.. . . I
don’t think we had quite realized the extent of
the cruelty of racism and how hard it hit. . . .
Some of these children, particularly in the North,
were reduced to crying when presented with the
dolls and asked to identify with them. They
looked at me as if I were the devil for putting
them in this predicament. Let me tell you, it was
a traumatic experience for me as well.”
(Kluger, 1976, p. 400)
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 21
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo4p
MVb0R6M&index=1&list=PL8dPuuaLjXt
OPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 22
LESSON 1.2
Contemporary Perspectives and
Areas of Specialization
OBJECTIVES
 Identify and describe the current perspectives
in psychology.
 Identify and describe the areas of
specialization in psychology.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 23
Contemporary Perspectives
Psychoanalysis
Behaviorism
Humanistic psychology
Cognitive psychology
Biological psychology
Evolutionary/Sociocultural psychology
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 24
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Psychoanalysis is an approach to
psychology that studies how human
behavior is determined by hidden or
unconscious motives and desires.
Other names: Karen Horney, Carl Jung,
Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 25
Freud
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 26
Behaviorism
John Watson (1878–1958)
Behaviorism is an approach to
psychology that studies observable
behavior rather than hidden mental
processes.
BF Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 27
Humanistic Psychology
 Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
 Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
 Humanistic psychology is an approach to
psychology that emphasizes people’s inborn
desire for personal growth and their ability to
consciously make choices.
 Positive psychology is a relatively new
approach to psychology that studies how
people find mental health and happiness in
their everyday living.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 28
Cognitive Psychology
George A. Miller
Ulric Neisser
Cognitive psychology is an approach
to psychology that studies how the mind
organizes and makes sense of
information and experiences.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 29
Psychobiology
Psychobiology is an approach to
psychology that studies how the brain
and other areas of our biology influence
behavior.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 30
Sociocultural Psychology
 Sociocultural psychology is an approach to
psychology that studies how social
surroundings and culture shape thinking and
behavior.
 Individualism is a philosophy of life stressing
that the individual is more important than the
group.
 Collectivism is a philosophy of life stressing
that group is more important than the
individual.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 31
Table 1-1
Differences Between Collectivist and
Individualist Cultures
Collectivist Cultures
Individualist Cultures
Identity is given by one’s group.
Identity is achieved by one’s own
striving.
Individuals are socialized to be
emotionally dependent on their
social group, and conformity is
valued.
Individuals are socialized to be
emotionally independent of their
social group, and independence
is valued.
Personal and group goals are
generally consistent; when
inconsistent, group goals have
priority.
Personal and group goals are
often inconsistent; when
inconsistent, personal goals
have priority.
Trust is placed in group
decisions.
Trust is placed in individual
decisions.
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 32
Area of Specialization in Psychology
Research specialties
Applied specialties
1. Biopsychology
2. Developmental
psychology
3. Experimental
psychology
4. Cognitive psychology
5. Personality psychology
6. Social psychology
1. Clinical psychology
2. Counseling psychology
3. Industrial–organizational
psychology
4. Educational and school
psychology
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 33
Figure 1-2
Doctoral Awarded in Psychology
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 34
Chapter 1
Clicker Questions
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Who was the world’s first psychologist?
Wolfgang Köhler
George Sanchez
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 35
Chapter 1
Clicker Questions
2. Women and people of culturally diverse
heritages were readily accepted in the field of
psychology in its early days.
a. True
b. False
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 36
Chapter 1
Clicker Questions
3. Which is an approach to psychology that
studies observable behavior rather than
hidden mental processes?
a. psychoanalysis
b. humanistic psychology
c. behaviorism
d. cognitive psychology
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 37
Chapter 1
Clicker Questions
4. Which attempts to understand behavior by
studying how the mind organizes and makes
sense of information and experiences?
a. psychoanalysis
b. positive psychology
c. cognitive psychology
d. sociocultural psychology
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 38
Chapter 1
Clicker Questions
5. Behaviorism is closely associated with
Sigmund Freud.
a. True
b. False
PSYCHOLOGY
A Discovery Experience
© South-Western | Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 Slide 39