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Transcript
Cognitive behavior therapy is a set of wide ranging procedures that differ in how they are applied to individuals with various emotional, physical, and psychological difficulties. Classical conditioning It is a process of learning that was introduced by Russian Physiologist Pavlov. In his experiments with dogs, during which he hoped to learn more about the digestive process, he inadvertently discovered that organisms can learn to respond in specific ways if they are conditioned to do so. Components of Operant Conditioning: Some key concepts in operant conditioning: A reinforce is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of reinforcers: Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something, such as praise or a direct reward. Negative reinforces involve the removal of an unfavourable events or outcomes after the display of a behaviour. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant. In both of these cases of reinforcement, the behavior increases. Punishment, on the other hand, is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behaviour it follows. There are two kinds of punishment: Positive punishment, sometimes referred to as punishment by application, involves the presentation of an unfavourable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal, occurs when an favourable event or outcome is removed after a behaviour occurs. In both of these cases of punishment, the behaviour decreases. Behavioural Therapy: It is a form of treatment for problems in which a trained person deliberately establishes professional relationship with the client , with the objective of removing or modifying existing symptoms & promoting positive personality, growth & development. Modifying Client’s behavior (CHART) Techniques for modifying client’s behaviour 1. Systematic Desensitization 2. Flooding 3. Aversion Therapy 4. Operant conditioning procedures for increasing adoptive behaviour 5. Operant conditioning procedures to teach new behaviours 6.Operant conditioning procedures for decreasing maladoptive behaviour 7.Contingency contracting8.Assertiveness & Social skills training Systematic desensitization is a technique used to treat phobias , OCD’s, Certain sexual disorders and other extreme or erroneous fears based on principles of behaviour modification . It consists of three main steps Relaxation training Hierarchy construction Desensitisation of Stimulus 2. FloodingSometimes called Implosive therapy , is also used to desensitize individuals to phobic stimuli. Here the individual is flooded with a continuous presentation of phobic stimulus until it no longer elicits anxiety. •Pairing of unpleasant stimulus with an unpleasant response , so that even in the absence of unpleasant response the pleasant stimulus become unpleasant by association . •Punishment is presented immediately after specific behavioural response & the response is evenly inhibited. •Unpleasant is produced by electric stimulus , drugs, social disapproval or even fantasy. •Indications are Alcoholic abuse, paraphilias, Homosexuality, Transvestism. Overt sensitization- It is a type of aversion therapy that produces unpleasant consequences for undesirable behaviour. For eg,- Disulfiram (Ant abuse) Covert sensitization -Covert sensitization is a form of behaviour therapy in which an undesirable behaviour is paired with an unpleasant image in order to eliminate that behaviour Positive Reinforcement: When a behavioural response is followed by generally rewarding event such as food , praise or gifts, it tends to be strengthened & occurs more frequently than before the reward. This technique is use to increase desired behaviour. Token EconomyA token economy is a form of behaviour modification designed to increase desirable behaviour and decrease undesirable behaviour with the use of tokens. Individuals receive tokens immediately after displaying desirable behaviour. The tokens are collected and later exchanged for a meaningful object or privilege. 1. Modelling•Modelling refers to the learning of new behaviours by imitating the behaviour in others. Role models are the individuals who have qualities or skills that a person admires & wishes to imitate. •Modelling occurs in various ways. Children imitate the behaviour pattern of the patient, teacher, friends & others. •Adults & children alike model many of their behaviours after individuals observed on television & in movies . •Unfortunately , modelling can result in maladaptive behaviour , as well as adaptive •In shaping the behaviour of others , reinforcements are given for increasingly closer approximations to the desired response. •For e.g.- In eliciting speech from an autistic child, the teacher may first reward the child for (a) Watching the teacher’s lips , then (b) for making my sound in imitation of the teacher , then (c) for forming sounds similar to the word uttered by the teacher . •It is used when a person failed to perform a complex task. •The complex task is broken it to number of small steps & each step is taught to the patient . •In forward chaining- one start with the first step & accomplishes the task. •In backward chaining starts with the last step & accomplishes. Extinction•In behaviour modification, extinction eliminates the incentive for unwanted behaviour by withholding the expected response. •A widespread parenting technique based on extinction is the time-out, in which a child is separated from the group when he or she misbehaves. •This technique removes the expected reward of parental attention. •This is commonly used when patient exhibits odd behaviour. •Aversive stimulus is presented contingent upon undesirable response. •The punishment procedure should be administered immediately & consistently following the undesirable behaviour with clear explanation •It is an aversive stimulus or punishment during which client is removed from the environment where the unacceptable behaviour is being exhibited . •The client is usually isolated so that reinforcement from the attention of others is absent. This technique named for its originator states that a frequently occurring response (R1)can serve as a positive response for response (R2) that occurs less frequently (Premack, 1959). Those is accomplished by allowing R1 to occur only after R2 has been performed. For e.g.. 13 yr old Jennie has been neglecting her homework for the past few weeks. She spends great deal of time on telephone talking to her friends. Applying the Premack principle being allowed to talk on the phone to her friends could serve as a positive reinforcement for completing her home work. •It means restoring the disturbed situation to a state that is much better than what it was before the occurrence of the problem behaviour. •For e.g.- If the patient passes urine in the ward he would be required to not only to clean the dirty area but also mop the entire/ larger area of the floor in the ward •This procedure used with individuals who are on token programs for teaching adaptive behaviour . •When undesirable behaviour occurs , a fixed number of tokens or points deducted from which individual has already earned . •A contract is drawn up among all parties involved .The behaviour change that is desired is stated explicitly in writing . •The contract specifies the behaviour change desired & the reinforcers to be given for performing desired behaviours. •The negative consequences or punishers that will be rendered for not fulfilling the terms of the contract are also delineated. •The contract is specific about how reinforcers & the punishment will be presented, However , flexibility is important so that renegotiations can occur if necessary •Assertiveness training is a behaviour therapy technique in which the patient is given training to bring about change in the emotional & other behavioural pattern by being assertive. •Client is encouraged not be afraid of showing an appropriate response , negative or positive, to an idea or suggestion. Assertive behaviour training is given by the therapist , first by role play & then by practice in a real life situation. • Attention is focussed on more effective interpersonal skills •Social skills training helps to improve social manners like encouraging eye contact, speaking appropriately , observing simple etiquette, & relating to people •There are three basic roles for the nurse involved in Behavioural therapy. Each of these roles can be performed by all nurses at various levels of expertise – •Providing direct patient care •Planning treatment programmes •Teaching others the use of behavioural techniques •Psychiatric nurses provide direct patient care in both inpatient & community settings, & the value of cognitive behavioural therapy is evident throughout the continuum of the care. Most treatments are ideally suited to community settings, & they can include the interventions across the continuum of coping responses- from promoting health , to intervening in acute illness, to fostering rehabilitation •Nurses may also function as planners & co-ordinators of complex treatment programmes , consultants , & teachers of other nurses , professionals, patients, & their families. It is clear that with the current emphasis on cost- effective treatment & documented outcomes of care , Behavioural therapy will be growing area of expertise for all psychiatric nurses in next decade Behaviour therapy is a combination of the systematic application of principles of learning theory to to the analysis and treatment of behaviour. It involves more than principles of learning and conditioning, however, and uses the empirical findings of social and experimental psychology. The emphasis is placed upon the observable and confront able and not inferred mental states or constructs. The doctors seeks to relate problematic behaviours (symptoms) to other observable physiological and environmental events. This involves behavioural analysis of what is occurring (and has occurred) and means of altering the behaviour. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Sreevani R. A guide to mental health & psychiatric nursing. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee brothers medical publishers(p) ltd;2008 Townsend MC. Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: concepts of care in evidence-based practice. First edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers limited; 2007 Stuart GW, Laraia MT. Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. 8th ed. Missouri: Mosby; 2008 Encyclopaedia of Mental disorders. Systematic-desensitization [Online].[2001?].[cited 2009 Sept 10]; Available from:URL: http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Systematicdesensitization.html#ixzz0QfZi3ZYx Encyclopaedia of Mental disorders. Covert-sensitization [Online].[2001?].[cited 2009 Sept 10]; Available from:URL:http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Covertsensitization.html#ixzz0QfTbNcVH Encyclopaedia of Mental disorders. Token-economy system [Online].[2001?].[cited 2009 Sept 10]; Available from:URL:http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Token-economysystem.html#ixzz0QfQ9vQUP Encyclopaedia of Mental disorders. Behaviour modification [Online].[2001?].[cited 2009 Sept 10]; Available from:URL:http://www.minddisorders.com/A-Br/Behaviormodification.html#ixzz0QfMkRxZ6 THANK YOU