Download Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

Your First Day of Class…
You may be surprised to learn…
…that over 25% of all undergraduate students do not utilize their required
course material.
…student retention is dropping nationwide and while the higher education
community has done a remarkable job of opening the doors of college to
more and more students, we have not seen equal strides in the number of
students who actually complete four-year degrees. (Education Trust, 2004)
Chapter
one
slides
begin on
slide 5.
What you can do…
•The top factors motivating a student to use their adopted books all involve
whether the material is immediately used, referred to, or assessed from in
the classroom.
•Your students take their cues from you and many wait until the third week of
class to see how the book is used before deciding whether or not they need
it. Please take a few minutes the first day of class to explain and demonstrate
why you adopted your book and accompanying technology.
• The next few slides show the book, technology products, and messaging
Professor:
that indicates that they
will be responsible for the content. Feel free to
Course/Section:
customize the information
or delete from your slide set.
Your Required Technology Materials
Durand/Barlow:
Essentials of Abnormal Psychology, 4e
You will need this
material for…
– tests and quizzes
– homework and reading
assignments
Professor:
Professor:
Course/Section:
Course/Section:
Resources to help you succeed in this course
…makes your study time more efficient by testing YOU on all
the concepts and YOU need more help on.
Easy to Use
Personalized
Time Saving
Professor:
Course/Section:
Resources to help you succeed in this course
InfoTrac College Edition
WebTutor Tools
You can do your
research 24/7 with easy
access to over 10 million
full-text articles from
nearly 5000 academic
journals, magazines,
and periodicals. Do your
research from home,
work, or your dorm
room!
WebTutor offers realtime access to a full
array of premium
study tools, including
animations and
videos that bring the
book's topics to life.
Student Companion Web Site
This outstanding site features interactive versions of the ethics &
choice activities, chapter-by-chapter online tutorial quizzes, a final
exam, chapter outlines, chapter review, chapter-by-chapter
weblinks, flashcards, and more!
Professor:
Course/Section:
Chapter 1
Abnormal Behavior in
Historical Context
Myths and Misconceptions About Abnormal
Behavior
• No Single Definition of Psychological
Abnormality
• No Single Definition of Psychological
Normality
What is a Psychological Disorder?
• Psychological Dysfunction
– Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or
behavioral functioning
• Personal Distress
– Difficulty performing appropriate and
expected roles
– Impairment is set in the context of a
person’s background
• Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response
– Reaction is outside cultural norms
Abnormal Behavior Defined
• Working Definition
– A psychological dysfunction associated
with distress or impairment in functioning
that is not typical or culturally expected
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSMIV-TR)
– DSM Contains Diagnostic Criteria
• The Field of Psychopathology
– The scientific study of psychological
disorders
The Science of Psychopathology
• Mental Health Professionals
– The Ph.D.’s: Clinical and counseling
psychologists
– The Psy.D.’s: Clinical and counseling
“Doctors of Psychology”
– M.D.’s: Psychiatrists
The Science of Psychopathology
(continued)
– M.S.W.’s: Psychiatric and non-psychiatric
social workers
– MN/MSN’s: Psychiatric nurses
– Lay public and community groups
• United by the Scientist-Practitioner
Framework
The Scientist-Practitioner
• Producers of Research
• Consumers of Research
• Evaluators of Their Work Using Empirical
Methods
Functioning as a Scientist-Practitioner
Fig. 1.2, p. 6
Clinical Description
• Begins with the Presenting Problem
• Description Aims to
– Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction
from common human experience
• Describe Prevalence and Incidence of
Disorders
Clinical Description (continued)
• Describe Onset of Disorders
– Acute vs. insidious onset
• Describe Course of Disorders
– Episodic, time-limited, or chronic course
• Prognosis
– Good vs. guarded
Causation, Treatment, and Outcome
• Etiology
– What contributes to the development of
psychopathology?
• Treatment Development
– How can we help alleviate psychological
suffering?
– Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial,
and/or combined treatments
Causation, Treatment, and Outcome
(continued)
• Treatment Outcome Research
– How do we know that we have helped?
– Limited in specifying actual causes of
disorders
Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior
• Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed
– In all cultures
– Across all time periods
• Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
– Varies Widely Across cultures, time
periods, world views
Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior (continued)
• Three Dominant Traditions
– Supernatural
– Biological
– Psychological
The Supernatural Tradition
• Deviant Behavior as a Battle of “Good” vs.
Evil
– Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft,
sorcery
– Treatments included exorcism, torture,
beatings, and crude surgeries
• The Moon and the Stars
– Paracelsus and lunacy
The Biological Tradition
• Hippocrates: Abnormal Behavior as a
Physical Disease
– Hysteria “The Wandering Uterus”
• Galen Extends Hippocrates Work
– Humoral theory of mental illness
– Treatments remained crude
The Biological Tradition (continued)
• Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition
– Linked abnormality with brain chemical
imbalances
– Foreshadowed modern views
The 19th Century
• General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological
Link With Madness
– Several unusual psychological and
behavioral symptoms
– Pasteur discovered the cause – A bacterial
microorganism
– Led to penicillin as a successful treatment
– Bolstered the view that mental illness =
physical illness
The 19th Century (continued)
• John Grey and the Reformers
– Championed biological tradition in the USA
Consequences of the Biological Tradition
• Mental Illness = Physical Illness
• Emil Kraeplin
– Diagnosis and Classification
The Psychological Tradition
• The Rise of Moral Therapy
– More humane treatment of institutionalized
patients
– Encourage and reinforced social
interaction
The Psychological Tradition (continued)
• Proponents of Moral Therapy
– Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
– Benjamin Rush – Led reforms in U.S.
– Dorothea Dix – Mental hygiene movement
– William Tuke - Followed Pinel’s lead in
England
• The Falling Out of Moral Therapy
• Emergence of Competing Alternative
Psychological Models
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Freudian Theory of the Structure and
Function of the Mind
• Structure of the Mind
– Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional,
irrational)
– Ego (reality principle; logical and rational)
– Superego (moral principles; keeps Id and
Ego in balance)
Psychoanalytic Theory (continued)
• Defense Mechanisms: Ego Loses the Battle
with the Id and Superego
– Displacement & denial
– Rationalization & reaction formation
– Projection, repression, and sublimation
• Psychosexual Stages of Development
– Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
stages
Later Developments in Psychoanalytic
Thought
• Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
– Emphasized influence of the ego in
defining behavior
• Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, and Object
Relations Theory
– Emphasized how children incorporate
(introject) objects
– Objects – images, memories, and values of
significant others
Later Developments in Psychoanalytic
Thought (continued)
• The Neo-Freudians: Departures From
Freudian Thought
– De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud’s
theory
– Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm, and Erickson
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: The
“Talking” Cure
• Unearth the Hidden Intrapsychic Conflicts
– “The Real Problems”
• Therapy Is Often Long Term
• Techniques
– Free Association
– Dream Analysis
• Examine Transference and CounterTransference Issues
• Little Evidence for Efficacy
Humanistic Theory
• Major Players
– Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
• Major Themes
– That people are basically good
– Humans strive toward self-actualization
Humanistic Theory (continued)
• Humanistic Therapy
– Therapist conveys empathy and
unconditional positive regard
– Minimal therapist interpretation
• No strong evidence that humanistic therapies
work
The Behavioral Model
• Derived from a Scientific Approach to the
Study of Psychopathology
• Classical Conditioning (Pavlov; Watson)
– Ubiquitous form of learning
– Contingency between neutral and
unconditioned stimuli
– Conditioning was extended to the
acquisition of fear
The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy
• Challenged Psychoanalysis and NonScientific Approaches
• Early Pioneers
– Joseph Wolpe – Systematic desensitization
• Operant Conditioning (Thorndike; Skinner)
– Another ubiquitous form of learning
– Voluntary behavior is controlled by
consequences
The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy
(continued)
• Learning Traditions Influenced the
Development of Behavior Therapy
– Behavior therapy tends to be time-limited
and direct
– Strong evidence supporting the efficacy of
behavior therapies
The Present: An Integrative Approach
• Psychopathology Is Multiply Determined
• Unidimensional Accounts of Psychopathology
Are Incomplete
The Present: An Integrative Approach
(continued)
• Must Consider Reciprocal Relations Between
– Biological, psychological, social, and
experiential factors
• Defining Abnormal Behavior
– Complex, multifaceted, and has evolved
• The Supernatural Tradition
– Has no place in a science of abnormal
behavior