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CHAPTER 2 THE ELEMENTS OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR: THEORY TREATMENT RESEARCH THE ROLE OF THEORY IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIX THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES INFLUENTIAL TODAY Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic-Existential Community-Cultural THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE GENETIC FACTORS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE BRAIN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION NEUROPHARMACOLOGY PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS GENETIC FACTORS Chromosomal anomalies Karotype Genes The Human Genome Project DNA and penetrance Heritability Penetrance Behavior Genetics Pedigree Studies THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT BEHAVIOR GENETICS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE NEURON THE BRAIN THE BRAIN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord Somatic System Autonomic System THE NEURON Axons Dendrites Neurotransmitters THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION Neuroanatomy Neuropathology Neurochemistry Neuropharmacology Neuropsychology BRAIN IMAGING COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CT) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (MRS) SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT) POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT) POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT SCAN) THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE – SIGMUND FREUD THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY OF PERSONALITY STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THE PSYCHIC APPARATUS ANXIETY DEFENSE MECHANISMS FREUD’S MODEL OF THE MIND THE PSYCHIC APPRATUS ID, EGO, SUPEREGO HOW PSYCHOANALYSIS WORKS DEFENSE MECHANISMS DEFENSE MECHANISMS (continued) RECENT APPROACHES TO PSYCHOANALYSIS Carl Jung Alfred Adler Erik Erikson Ego Psychology Object Relations Self-psychology THE BEHAVAIORAL PERSPECTIVE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITINING Unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus-conditioned response Positive & negative reinforcers Punishment Schedules of reinforcement SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES Modeling & role playing SOME MECHANISMS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE MALADAPTIVE THOUGHTS ARE THE CAUSE OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AARON BECK The goal of therapy is to help clients restructure their thinking. Albert Ellis Rational-emotive therapy helps clients question irrational beliefs and modify unrealistic thoughts. FOUR QUESTIONS ASKED IN COGNITIVE THERAPY THE HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE THE HUMANISTIC VIEW People are striving toward selfactualization. Carol Rogers THE EXISTENTIAL VIEW Emphasis on self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility. Viktor Frankl THE COMMUNITY-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Belief that maladaptive behavior results from inability to cope effectively with stress. Focus on attempts to reduce maladaptive behaviors through preventive measures. Causation theory Social selection theory Social roles Labeling AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH Each perspective is valuable to understanding maladaptive behavior. Different perspectives are more appropriate under differing conditions. Environmental and individual factors often interact to produce maladaptive behavior.