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CHAPTER 8: LEARNING Classical Conditioning Opening Experiment: Directions: Please place your head on desk, close your eyes and relax. This is NOT Hypnosis Learning ► YouTube - Scary Loud Noise ► Learning - a change in behavior due to experience ► We are not born with a blueprint of how to survive, we learn by experience. We have adaptability – the capacity to cope with our changing environments. Behaviorism ► Behaviorism – Psychology should be an objective science Studies behavior without reference to mental processes . RELATE EVERYTHING WE LEARN IN THE NEXT 2 CHAPTERS TO BEHAVIORISM aka Behavioral perspective Behaviorists ► Ivan Pavlov – Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) Behaviorists ► John B. Watson – American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. (1878 – 1958) "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant- chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors" Behaviorists ► B.F. Skinner – An American psychologist who advocated behaviorism and studied the effects of reinforcement. (1904 – 1990) (Operant Conditioning) Associative Learning ► Learning by association – learning that certain events occur together. Classical Conditioning – learning the relationship between stimuli and responses. P. 314 Fig. 8.1 Operant Conditioning – learning through rewards and punishments. P.315 Fig. 8.2 Behavior followed by it’s consequences Examples of Classical Conditioning ► Alfred Hitchcock Films ► YouTube - Top 5 Horror Movies theme songs ► Jaws Theme Song ► Bakeries ► Songs ► Sounds of the ocean CD ► Your Dogs and Cats ► Classical Conditioning with a Daisy the Cat ► Classical Conditioning Experiment Classical Conditioning ► Classical conditioning – learning to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses, and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did the old one. Pavlov’s Dog ► Pavlov dogs… observed the salivation of Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS-aka US) – something that elicits a natural response (FOOD) Unconditioned Response (UCR- aka UR) – natural, involuntary response (SALIVATION) Neutral Stimulus (NS) – something that does not elicit any particular behavior without conditioning (BELL) Pavlov’s Dog UCS NS UCR No response CR Pavlov’s Dog ► Order of stimuli Conditioned Stimulus / Neutral Stimulus (CS) presented first THEN the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Present within a short amount of time from one another… half a second. Pavlov’s Dog ► After Conditioning …. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a particular behavior (BELL) Conditioned Response (CR) – the learned response that initially occurred to the unconditioned stimulus and now occurs to the conditioned stimulus (SALIVATION) Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov – YouTube Two and Half Men - Pavlov's Bar – YouTube Interesting fact about Pavlov’s laboratory I read about Pavlov’s Laboratory ► ouTube - Baha Men - Who Let The Dogs Out (Original version) | Full HD | 1080p (:18) Pavlov’s Dog ► FOOD (UCS) ------------ SALIVATION (UCR) ► BELL (NS) ------------ Initially produced no salivation ► NS + UCS ----------------- SALIVATION (UCR) ► BELL (CS) ---------------- SALIVATION (CR) More Classical Conditioning ► Practice Classical Conditioning Onion Breath. P.318 Fig. 8.4 romantic vs. sexual arousal ► Classical conditioning and the blink response Examples of Classical Conditioning ► Classical Conditioning at BGSU – YouTube ► The Office - Pavlov's dog on Vimeo ► Classical Conditioning within Psychology "Attack of the Quack" – ► YouTubeClassical Conditioning in High School Clockwork Orange classical conditioning scene 5 concepts of classical conditioning ► Acquisition- Learning has taken place when the animal/person responds to the conditioned stimulus. This initial learning is called acquisition. (the animal has acquired a new behavior) Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery ► Will the CS always yield the CR… even if repeatedly presented without the UCS? Extinction – the diminishing of an CR if the CS is not presented with the UCS ► Will the CS yield a CR after a wait period? Spontaneous recovery – the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period. Distinguishing Between Stimuli ► Will the animal respond to a somewhat varied stimulus? Generalization – after conditioning, the tendency for a stimulus, similar to the CS, to evoke a similar response. P. 321 snails cartoon Discrimination – the learned ability to distinguish between CS and another stimulus. Water Bottle Experiment. Rape as classical conditioning p. 325 Activity Classically Conditioning a Student ► Directions: On a sheet of scrap paper write out the following 9 terms in one column ► UCS, UCR, CS, CR, Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination. ► After I conduct the short demonstration label the 4 parts of the classical conditioning then explain WHEN in the experiment the last 5 terms took place or might have taken place. John B. Watson’s Little Albert Experiment ► Little rats. Albert feared loud noises but not white Loud noise (UCS) – fear (UCR) Presentation of rat (NS) – no fear Pair rat (NS) and loud noise (UCS) – fear (UCR) After several repetitions, the sight of the rat (CS) produced fear (CR) The Little Albert Experiment Taste Aversions ► Garcia and Koelling’s Experiment – Rats and taste aversions Rats were given food, then given radiation, which led to nausea. Then the rats would later avoid that food. ►2 interesting findings: Aversion developed to only tastes (not sights or sounds) Even after hours had passed between presenting the CS and the UCS the aversion still developed. ► Humans may experience taste aversions: Eat food – become sick – Feel nauseas at the sight or smell of the food. Sheep Coyotes and Ranchers poison in sheep carcass. Human Taste Aversions ► “secondary disgust”- Fudge (shape of muffins vs. droppings) ► Favorite Soup: stirred in a thoroughly washed used flyswatter (82%) brand new flyswatter (58%) used comb that has been thoroughly washed (76%) served in thoroughly washed used dog bowl (71%) Classical Conditioning facts ► People with OCD and/or Autism are 3 times likely to be conditioned. ► Men who saw a car with a seductive women were more likely to rate the car as faster, better designed and more appealing than men who viewed the same ad without. ► Associating celebrities with products ► Taking people to lunch/dinner to make business deals.