Download Learning PP 1

Chapter 6:
Learning
Essential Question:
What are the principles of
classical conditioning?
Thoughts on Learning
“Learning is not compulsory.
Neither is survival.”
W. Edwards Demming
“Education is what survives when
what has been learned has been
forgotten.”
B.F. Skinner
“I am always doing that which I
cannot do, in order that I may learn
how to do it.”
Pablo Picasso
What is Learning?
A relatively permanent
change in behavior that
results from experience
Why do grades matter?
• Why does a letter or number mean
something to you?
• Why do we try to avoid certain numbers
and letters?
• When you listen to old songs, do you
have certain “rushes” of emotion from
the time period that that song was
popular?
• The song, the letters, the numbers all
have associations with certain amount
of experiences.
Stimulus
Something that produces a
reaction
Response
Reaction to a stimulus
Conditioning
Learning
Classical Conditioning
Simple form of learning, in which
one stimulus comes to call forth
the response usually called forth
by another stimulus.
Types of Learning
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Cognitive Factors in
Learning
–Latent Learning
–Observational Learning
Ivan Pavlov
• Russian Scientist
• Studied the
digestive tracks of
dogs
• Noticed that dogs
began to salivate
when they heard the
people coming with
their supper
• Decided to
investigate further
into this reaction
Letters of Learning
• (US) Unconditioned Stimulus -a
stimulus that evokes an
unconditioned response without any
prior conditioning (no learning needed
for the response to occur).
• (UR) Unconditioned Response -an
unlearned reaction/response to an
unconditioned stimulus that occurs
without prior conditioning.
Letters of Learning
• (CS) Conditioned Stimulus - a
previously neutral stimulus that has,
through conditioning, acquired the
capacity to evoke a conditioned
response.
• (CR) Conditioned Response - a
learned reaction to a conditioned
stimulus that occurs because of prior
conditioning.
Adapting to the environment
• Have you ever eaten something and
gotten sick on it and you cannot eat
this again because of this bad
experience?
• This is an example of taste aversion
• Taste Aversion is defined as learned
avoidance of a particular food
Food Aversion
• US is the food
• UR is nausea
• Through pairing (maybe only
once)
• CS is the food
• CR is nausea
• Food-grade taste
aversion agent
made from bitter,
smelly part of
concord grapes
(active ingredient
methyl
anthranilate),
renders fruit and
foliage
unpalatable to
birds.
What would happen if
Pavlov kept ringing the bell
and not giving the dog the
food? (that is after the dog
was conditioned to the bell)
Extinction
What if Pavlov’s dog was
fed normally (without the
bell) and in a month later,
he hears the bell…what
would he do?
Spontaneous Recovery
What if Pavlov’s dog was
conditioned to the tuning
fork (CS) and then Pavlov
switched to a hand held
bell?
Generalization
What if the tuning fork
(CS) was switched with
a doorbell?
Discrimination
Little Albert (call DFACS)pg 134
• Let us read….
• Now write a quick write
on “My childhood fears:
How extinction changed
these fears. Discuss the
fact that as we mature,
changing
circumstances,
recondition us. How
does this relate to
classical conditioning.