Download Chapter 5 Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning
Learning
Conditioning Watson Thorndike
Behavior
Reinforcement Skinner Operants
Classical cond. Punishment
Bandura Pavlov
UCS/UCR
Pos/Neg
Extinction
CS/CR
Bobo-doll exp. Token Economy
NS
Schedules of Reinf. Spontaneous Recovery
Operant cond. Interval
Response
Modeling
Ratio
Discrimination
Instinctive drift Tollman
Generalization
Little Albert
Theories of Learning Phobias
Latent learning Biological preparedness
Primary & Conditioned Reinforcers
Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus
like food or drink.
Conditioned Reinforcer: A learned reinforcer that
gets its reinforcing power through association with
the primary reinforcer.
2
•
• A _____________ is the specific stimulus in the presence of which a
particular operant is more likely to be reinforced
•
_________ is reinforcing successful approximations of a behavior until the
correct behavior is displayed; acquisition is the beginning process of
learning a behavior
• Shaping
• ______________ reinforcement, a pattern of reinforcement in which
• every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced
• Partial reinforcement is a pattern of reinforcement in which
• the occurrence of a particular response is only intermittently reinforced
• Extinction is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned
behavior and occurs because of the disappearance of reinforcement
• The _____ is the phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned
using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than
behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement
• Schedules of reinforcement are specific preset
arrangements of partial reinforcement that produce
different patterns and rates of responding
• With a ___________schedule, reinforcement occurs after
a fixed number of responses
• With a variable-ratio schedule reinforcement occurs after
____________ number of responses
• With a fixed-interval schedule, a reinforcer is delivered for
the ___________after the preset time interval has elapsed
• With a __________ schedule, reinforcement occurs for the
first response emitted after an average amount of time has
elapsed…but the interval varies from trial to trial
Schedules of Reinforcement
5
• A primary reinforcer is one that is naturally reinforcing for a given
species
• A conditioned reinforcer or secondary reinforcer, is one that has
acquired reinforcing values by being associated with a primary
reinforcer.
• ________ is a process in which a behavior is followed by an aversive
consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior being
repeated
• Positive punishment decreases the response and decreases the
frequency of the behavior by adding something _______
• Negative punishment decreases the response and decreases the
frequency of the behavior by ___________ something pleasurable
• Punishment is more effective if it immediately and consistently
follows a response
Punishment
In relation to parenting and physical punishment of
children, these four drawbacks have been found.
1. Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten.
2. Punishment teaches discrimination.
3. Punishment can teach fear.
4. Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by
modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems.
8
•
•
•
Disadvantages…
It doesn’t teach a more appropriate
response
It may have undesirable results such as
passivity, fear, aggression, or hostility
• Behavioral modification is the
application of learning principles
to help people develop more
effective or adaptive behaviors
• Edward C. Tolman, an American
psychologist, did not believe that
you needed reinforcers to learn
• Even in the absence of a reward,
latent learning or learning that is
not immediately demonstrated in
overt behavior can occur
• ____________________ is the
phenomenon in which exposure
to inescapable and uncontrollable
aversive events produces passive
behavior
• Learned helplessness
•
Cognition & Operant
Conditioning
Evidence of cognitive processes during
operant learning comes from rats during
a maze exploration in which they
navigate the maze without an obvious
reward. Rats seem to develop cognitive
maps, or mental representations, of the
layout of the maze (environment).
Such cognitive maps are based on latent
learning, which becomes apparent only
when an incentive is given (Tolman &
Honzik, 1930).
Reinforcement or Punishment?
Positive or Negative?
• 1. Johnny talks back to
mom. Mom takes away
game boy.
• _________________
• 2. Johnny talks back to
mom. Mom slaps him.
• __________________
• 3. Johnny talks back to
mom. When mom sees
Johnny, she cries.
• _________________
• 4. Johnny talks back to
mom. Mom ignores
Johnny. Johnny talks
back even more.
• ________________
• 5. Johnny talks back to
mom. Mom yells at
Johnny. Johnny talks
back even more.
• __________________
Biological Predispositions
Courtesy of John Garcia
Garcia showed that the duration
between the CS and the US may be
long (hours), but yet result in
conditioning. A biologically adaptive
CS (taste) led to conditioning but
other stimuli (sight or sound) did
not.
John Garcia
12
• The instinctive drift interferes with the animal’s ability to learn a
new behavior
• Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the
actions of others
• Which theorist is associated with observational learning?
• Albert Bandura
• In observational learning, it is the _________ of a reward or
reinforcement that affects the performance of what has been
learned
• observation
• What major psychological perspective is associated with
observational learning?
• Social learning theory
•
• Remember the Bobo Doll experiment…
Observational Learning
Recap…
• Sally did not enjoy going
with her mother to the
grocery store. One day
when Sally and her mother
went to the grocery store, a
new baker was working in
the bakery department and
the baker gave Sally a
cookie. Sally loves cookies.
Every time Sally sees the
baker at the grocery store,
the baker gives Sally a
cookie. Now whenever Sally
sees the baker, she gets
excited…and Sally has
begun to enjoy going to the
grocery store.
• Classical
Conditioning or
Operant
conditioning?
Explain.