Download to behavior

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPVIXZhH4M4
Social
Psychology
Fundamental Attribution Error:
•Tendency to attribute others’ behaviors
to dispositional causes and our own to
situational causes.
Fundamental attribution
error
• Social liberals are more likely to
ascribe poverty to situational
attributes than social
conservatives.
• Difference between theory and
error?
• Errors occur when we see people
in only ONE role, not both
•Attitudes: Beliefs and feelings that
predispose our reactions to objects,
people and events.
•Attitudes will guide our actions if:
•Social pressure is minimal.
•Attitude is specifically relevant to behavior:
• cheating on taxes, isn’t cheating.
•We are keenly aware of attitude.
Persuasion and
Decisions
• Central Route to PERSUASION: is
when you think and analyze – people
focus on facts/arguments and
respond w/favorable thoughts
• Peripheral Route: people influenced
by incidental cues using heuristics,
famous peoples endorsements, jokes
to persuade, or sound bytes.
• Think “no child left behind”
•Foot in the door phenomenon:
•tendency to comply with larger
request after we have complied with a
smaller one.
•Gateway drugs. Stealing. Racism.
•People can be move away from their
attitudes because they begin rationalizing
behavior at smaller steps.
•Role (cluster or prescribed actions)
playing can affect attitudes.
• At first role will feel unnatural, but
eventually you become the role.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZwfNs1pqG0
Look
familiar?
The Lucifer Effect
• Remember the Prison guard
experiment, acting out a certain
group/role moves you to act in a
way that you believe a person in
that role should act.
• Deindividuation strengthened
when…
Why do actions change attitudes?
•We feel motivated to justify our actions.
•When aware of conflict between attitude
and behavior we feel tension called
cognitive dissonance.
•The more dissonance the more likely we
are to change attitudes.
Social Influences also determine
our actions:
Behavior is contagious, what we
observe we often do.
And what is expected by society:
normative social influences or
norms.
Asch Experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA&feature=related
• Conformity: Asch
experiment. 30% of
people would answer a
wrong answer in a group
who responded
incorrectly, only 1% when
alone.
Conformity: adjusting one’s behavior
to match the group.
Conditions that strengthen it:
Social insecurity.
Group over three.
Group is unanimous
admire the group
no prior commitment
being observed
culture encourages respect for social standards.
Reasons we conform:
To avoid rejection and gain approval
we accept social norms.
Informational social influence.: we
tend to believe whatever our group
believes.
We conform more on difficult tasks that
matter. Like hazing for a fraternity or
sorority.
Obedience:
•Milgram Experiment: A majority
of people will obey when the ordergiver has perceived authority and
respect and is close at hand, the
victim is depersonalized and there
were no models for defiance.
•Where would self-serving bias fit
in?
Milgram Experiment
• Unethical, yet still produced
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=pdb20gcc_Ns
•In Milgram, 63% fully complied.
• Doing different variations from
0-93% complied.
•Compliance was greatest when:
•Person giving orders was close and a
legitimate authority figure from a prestigious
institution.
•When the victim was depersonalized.
Lessons for conformity and
obedience studies.
•Experiments are not designed to replicate
everyday behaviors, but study underlying
causes.
•When kindness and obedience clash,
obedience wins.
•It’s enough to have ordinary people
corrupted by an evil situation.
•Leadership counts, dissent!!!
Group Influence on our behavior.
Social facilitation: We do easy and
well learned acts better in front of a
group, difficult tasks worse.
Social loafing: Given a task in a group
without individual accountability,
people work at about 66% capacity.
Cross-cultural studies verify these
results.
Group influences on behavior:
Deindividuation: the process of
abandoning individual restraint to the
power of the group:
Cheering at sporting events.
You’ll shock more if wearing a hood.
Wearing uniforms or being part of a team or clique.
Groupthink: Tendency to not offer
contradictory ideas to keep group feeling good.
Deindividuation:
Group Polarization: the tendency for
people who become a part of a group to
become more like the group the longer
they are with the group.
•So, if you are moderately liberal and join a liberal
group, you are apt to become more and more liberal or
prejudicial or whatever the groups attitude is.
Group
Polarization
Prejudice
a mixture of beliefs, often based on
stereotypes and emotions that
predispose people to discriminate
against cultural, ethnic or gender
groups.
Prejudices are schemas that effect
how we notice and interpret
events.
In-group bias
• In-group bias: the belief that our
group is good and right, excluding
other groups
• groups, self-serving bias.
Discrimination may lead to harming a
racial or ethnic group which leads to
behaviors than reinforce the stereotype
creating a self-fulfilling prophesy.
Scapegoating is when you use a racial
or ethnic group as a target to blame
when things go wrong.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRqcfqiXCX0
Discrimination and
Stereotype Threat
• When reminded of marginalized
status, or group prejudices
against your group, members of
the marginalized group do
worse on tests.
• Self-fulfilling prophesy
• Females in Math
• Blacks and Latinos on SAT and
AP’s
• ANY group in which the dominate
groups hold prejudice beliefs they
have internalized.
Cognitive roots of prejudice:
•Prejudices often have a germ of truth which is built
into schemas
•our tendency for confirmation bias and belief
perseverance sustains the belief.
•Then our tendency to use available heuristics sustains the prejudice
because we hold to the most vivid example that we have sought out
because of confirmation bias.
•We then form illusory correlations in our schemas that further
reinforce our belief system.
•Also our in-group bias leads us to believe we are correct and others
wrong.
People also have a tendency to blame
the victim of discrimination because
we assume a just world and they
wouldn’t be discriminated against if it
weren’t just: Just World
Phenomenon.
Aggression:
Any physical or verbal behavior
intended to hurt or destroy.
Genetic: inherited thresholds in
the amygdala.
Neural: Head injuries;
testosterone levels
Aggression: Psychological roots.
•Aversive situations lead to aggression;
•heat, crowded rooms, stress.
•Learned- operantly, classically, socially
•Aggression-Frustration Principle:
frustration leads to aggression.
•Correlation with property rights, gun loving and physical
punishments, fatherless homes
Aggression and Television.
Correlation or causation?
Immediately after viewing violence, children
demonstrate more aggression, particularly if the hero
is violent.
Provides social
scripts.
Do aggressive kids, watch aggressive shows or do the shows
cause the aggression.
Violence and culture probably
desensitize people to violence
as a fact of life.
Frustration-aggression
principle: frustration –the
blocking of an attempt to
achieve some goal – creates
anger, which can generate
aggression
Aggression media and Genders.
Men who view violence against
women become more accepting of it,
including coercion (rape).
Most men are not aroused by
depictions of rape, unless aroused by
another source, but rapists are.
Who’s hotter? Who placed at ad
looking for a lady to love and
cherish?
Who’s Hotter?
Attraction
Proximity/ Mere-exposure effect.
•We like novel (new) things the more we’re exposed to
them
Physical attraction/symmetry.
Good looking people perceived as smarter,
happier, sensitive, socially skilled, honest and
compassionate.
Good looks unrelated to happiness
level. HOWEVER…
Halo Effect: Good looking
people are considered:
• Smarter
• The make more money
• Taller people are considered
better leaders.
• Warmer
• Likeable
• Competent
They’re all Hot!!!
Symmetry baby!
Attraction
Similarity: we are attracted to people
with similar tastes, attitudes, interests,
race, education, intelligence, economic
status.
Birds of a Feather flock together,
opposites do NOT attract.
Passionate Love v. Companionate
Love.
Emotions have two components,
cognitive and physical. Arousal from
any source can be attributed to love
(lust) and make others seem more
attractive.
Love shifts over time from lust to
friendship.
Love and intimacy
(companionate love) is
aided by:
• Self-disclosure: telling about
yourself.
• Equity: a relationship built on
freely give and receive.
Helping Behavior:
Altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander effect: People are more likely to help if alone.
• If others are there a diffusion of responsibility occurs and no one helps.
The Kitty Genovese story.
• Think about when you would use your cell phone to call for help for
another
•on the beltway
•on a lonely street if someone was broken down?
Bystander effect: more
people reduces helping at
each step
• Steps to assume
responsibility
•Notice
•Register as emergency
•Assume responsibility
•Take action/help
Diffusion of Responsibility:
Bystander effect
Altruistic behavior
• Social Exchange theory: we do
something, only when we
expect something in return.
• Feel Good Do Good phenomenon
Conflict and Stress
Response
• Behavioral: actual fight or flight
• Physiological: alteration to
physiology to prep to fight or
flight
• Negative emotional states:
frustration, fear, anxiety,
pressure
• Eustress: positive stress
Types of Conflict
(stressors)
1. Approach-approach: choose
between one of two attractive
goals
•
Hanging out with a friend you
haven’t seen in forever or going
to a baseball game you really
want to see
2. Avoidance-avoidance
• Choose between two
unattractive options
• Lesser of two evils
• Cleaning your room or studying for
your psych test on Tuesday
3. Approach-avoidance
• Choose a goal that has both
attractive and unattractive
features
• You want to purchase the new
iPhone 87s with super cool
features (it does your taxes and
stuff) but you have to work 4
straight days overtime in order to
afford the $800/month charge
4. Double approachavoidance
• Must choose between two
alternatives, both which have
positive and negative features
• You need to choose between two
colleges you like, but both have
negative features as well
General Adaptation
Syndrome
• Hans Selye
• Alarm: mobilize resources (SNS)
• Resistance: coping (fight/flight)
• Exhaustion: reserves depleted
(PNS)
Where will disease set in?
Phase 3: Exhaustion
Stress and Health
• Stress and Anger can reduce
lymphocytes (disease fighting
antibodies):
• Psychoneuroimmunology:
destruction of immune system by
stress.
• Psychophysiological
(psychosomatic) illnesses:
headaches, colds hypertension
(high blood pressure)
So how do we deal?
• Grit: attempts to reduce conflict
by giving combatants common
goals.
• Groups given a superordinate
goal act more cooperatively.
Social Traps: Buying a SUV, even though
you believe global warming is real.
When you’re desire behavior wins over
societal needs.
Mirror image: tendency for conflicting
parties to view the “enemy” as evil.
Superordinate Goals
• Shared goals override
differences
GRIT
•
•
•
•
Gradual
Reciprocal
Initiatives
Tension reduction
• Increases cooperation, spiraling
conciliation on both sides