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Classification
grouping of different types of
organisms based upon
similarities in structure and
evolutionary relationships
WHY CLASSIFY?
 In order to more easily study the unity
and diversity of living organisms in an
organized manner, biologists classify
organisms
 This means that they group
organisms together based on their
common characteristics
 Physical structure is often the primary
basis for biological classification
Early classification
Animals & Plants
With the discovery of the
MICROSCOPE in the 1600’s
many new organisms were
discovered
This was the basis for the
change in the classification
system
BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
 Carolus Linneaus devised binomial
nomenclature
 (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
 ex. scientific name of humans .....
Homo sapiens
 Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is
the species name
 Both have to be printed in italics or
underlined
 -Genus is ALWAYS capitalized
MODERN CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM:
 KINGDOM
 PHYLLUM
 CLASS
 ORDER
 FAMILY
 GENUS
 SPECIES
HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:
KING PHILIP CAME
OVER FOR GOOD
SOUP
KINGDOMS:
 The 6 Kingdom System is
based on the following
criteria:
1. Cell Type
2. Ability to make food
3. Unicellular/multicellular
Archaebacteria
 most primitive and often live in
extreme environments
 LIVE IN UNUSUALLY HARSH
ENVIRONMENTS
 unicellular and no nucleus
 This is the Proposed 6th KINGDOM
 There are 3 types:
 salt loving, heat loving & methane loving
Kingdom Monera
 bacteria and blue green algae
 have a primitive cell structure
 no organized nucleus or nuclear
membrane
 Three basic types of bacteria
 Coccus Baccillus Spirillum-
Kingdom Protista
 Predominately unicellular organisms with
plant or animal-like characteristics
 examples include protozoa and all algae
except the blue-green
 have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane
 Classification of Protists: Most protozoa are
motile (CAN MOVE) and are divided into
phyla based on their means of
LOCOMOTION
Animal-like Protists
 Often animal like Protists are called PROTOZOA
 They can live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, or
in the bodies of other organisms
Plant-like Protists:
 Plant-like Protists are commonly called ALGAE
 They contain chloroplasts and are therefore
AUTOTROPHIC
Spirogyra
 plant-like Protists that contains
thread-like filaments of
chloroplasts
 They may reproduce asexually by
MITOSIS or sexually by
CONJUGATION
Plant and Animal like Protists
The Euglena:
 exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like characteristics
 contains chloroplasts, which are involved in
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION
 euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic depending
on the environment
 In a light environment euglena would be AUTOTROPHIC
 In a dark environment the euglena would be
HETEROTROPHIC
KINGDOM
FUNGI
 examples include yeasts, molds, and
mushrooms
 cells are usually organized into branched,
multinucleate filaments which absorb
digested food from the external
environment
 Mushrooms are made up of a network of
tubes called HYPHAE
Kingdom Plantae




multicellular - possess chloroplasts and cell walls
make their own food - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Reproduce sexually – can be asexual
Vascular plants are more advanced - they have
evolved specialized tissues, xylem, which is
involved in structural support and water
conduction, and phloem, which functions in food
conduction
 Nonvascular plants are usually no more than an
inch or two in height because they do not have
adequate support, which is provided by vascular
tissues to other plants, to grow bigger
ONION
CELLS FROM
LAB – NOTE
THE BOXY
SHAPE OF
PLANT
CELLS & THE
DISTINCT
CELL WALL
Kingdom Animalia
 multi-cellular organisms which
ingest their food –
HETEROTROPHS
 Reproduce sexually
Viruses
 not classified in a kingdom
 contain genetic material (DNA) but lack
cell structures
 only carry on the life function of
reproduction
 They must have a host (another living
organism) to be able to reproduce
 This causes disease in the host (Ex: colds,
rabies, AIDS, flu)
Papillomavirus is a
DNA virus that
causes warts
POLIO
Bacteriophages
invade the host cell,
take over the cell,
and begin replicating
viruses, eventually
lysing or bursting the
host cell, releasing
the new viruses to
infect additional cells