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Abnormal Psychology (Psychological ________) Chapter 14 Over ___ million suffers across all cultures. 1 Psychological Disorders “_______________” •Harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions. 1. ____________ Behavior (________ relevant) 2. Causes ___________ 3. ____________ Behavior (judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable) 2 Early Theories • Abnormal behavior was _____________ trying to get out. • Treatment: _____________, _________, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood ________ Model •NOT demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind •Philippe Pinel & Dorthea ____ (1800s) •Used to review the physical causes of disorders 1. 2. 3. 4. Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder. __________: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another. ___________: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder. 4 Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/Perspective ___________________ _________________ Cause of the Disorder Internal, unconscious drives Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. _______________ Reinforcement history, the environment. _______________ Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Sociocultural Biomedical/Neuroscience Dysfunctional Society Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions. ____________ •Describes _______ psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s • Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American _________ Association ) • DSM will classify disorders and describe the s___________. • ____________ • DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures. Two Major Classifications in the DSM _________ Disorders • Distressing but one can still function in society and act __________. _________ Disorders • Person loses contact with _______, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy DSM Classifications Axis I Axis II Is a __________ Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [___ syndromes]) present? Is a ___________ Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Is a General __________ Condition (diabetes, Axis III hypertension or arthritis etc) also present? Are Psychosocial or ______________ Problems Axis IV (school or housing issues) also present? What is the ________________ of the person’s Axis V functioning? 8 9 10 The ________ Study • Rosenhan’s associates faked symptoms of _____________. • They were ALL ______ for schizophrenia. • None were exposed as imposters. • They all left diagnosed with __________ in remission. • What are some of the questions raised by this study? • _________________ (stigmatizing or helpful) Psychological Disorders & ______ “________” Defense • Criminal Law • ________________ • _________ not _________ Disorders • Legal Question – __________ make final decision not psychologist 12 ________ Disorders • a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. • A state of intense __________, uneasiness, uncertainty, or ___. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _____ Panic Attack Phobias ______ ______ _________________ Disorder GAD • An anxiety disorder in which a person is ______________, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system _______. • The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is __________, can’t concentrate and suffers from _______. _______ Disorder • An anxiety disorder marked by a ___________ episode of ______ dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying _____ pain, ______ and other frightening sensations. _________ • A person experiences sudden episodes of __________. • Must be an ____________. • Object or ________ (_________ --open spaces) ____________ disorder OCD • Persistent unwanted ________ (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need to engage in a ________________ /particular action (compulsion) . • Obsession about dirt and _____ may lead to compulsive _____________. ____________________ Disorder •Obsessions & Compulsions 18 ________________ Disorder PTSD • ________ or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely ________ event. • Event causes harmful memories, _______, anxiety, social _______, and _________ problems. • Women 0nly __% / Men ___% _________ of Anxiety Disorders? •We ______ our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety. •Fear ___________ & _____________ Anxiety •________ & Natural Selection causes anxiety for certain objects/ situations •Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with ____ circuits like the ______________________ 20 _________ Disorders • Occur when a person manifests a ___________ problem through a ___________ symptom. • ___ Disorder • ____________ Disorder • 2 other types … __________ • Has frequent _______________ for which medical doctors are unable to locate the ____. • They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more _________________. __________ Disorder • Report the existence of severe physical problems with no _________ reason. • Like ________ or paralysis. Pol Pot ________ Disorders • These disorders involve a disruption in the ________ process. • Conscious awareness becomes ___________ (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings • Three types…. Psychogenic/Dissociative ______ • A person cannot _________ things with no ____________ basis for the disruption in memory. • ____________ Amnesia • NOT _________ amnesia. • Organic amnesia can be retrograde or ___________. Dissociative ________ • People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an ______________ and cannot ___________. Dissociative ______ Disorder • Used to be known as _________________ Disorder. • A person has _______ rather than one integrated personality. • People with DID commonly have a history of childhood ______ or trauma. • Critics: ___________ & _______ Response Mood Disorders • Experience __________ or inappropriate _________. Major __________ 1. 2. 3. 4. • A.K.A. _________ depression • Unhappy for at least ____ weeks with no ________ cause (_______-induced & may selfterminate) • Depression is the “______________” of ________ and fatigue psychological disorders. Feelings of _____________ Loss of interest in family & _________ Loss of interest in ___________ Depression more likely among _______ & on the _____ (especially among _______) •Most severe behavioral response to depression is _______ •Over ___________ / yr worldwide commit suicide _______________ Disorder • Experience _________ during the _______ months. • Based not on temperature, but on amount of ______. • Treated with _______ therapy. _______ Disorder • Formally _________________. • Involves periods of depression and _______ episodes. • Manic episodes involve feelings of _____________ (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). • Engage in ________ behavior during the manic episode. Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway Bipolar Disorder Depressive Symptoms Manic Symptoms ________ __________ Withdrawn Euphoria Inability to make decisions _______ Slowness of thought Desire for action ___________ Multiple ideas ________ Perspective & Mood _________ Influences: Mood disorders run in ________. The rate of depression is higher in ________ (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. ____________ & Depression •A reduction of ____________ and __________ has been linked with depression. •Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine. Pre-synaptic Neuron Norepinephrine Serotonin Post-synaptic Neuron The Depressed __________ _____ scans show that brain ________ consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. ____________ Perspective & Depression ________ 1. Negative _________ events. 2. _________ & SelfDefeating. 3. __________ depressed state. 4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and _____, fueling personal rejection. _________ Disorders • “_______ Mind” • About __ in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1. ___________ & __________ thinking. 2. Disturbed __________ 3. _____________ Emotions and Actions ____________________ Disorder •Obsessions & Compulsions 39 ________________ Disorder PTSD • ________ or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely ________ event. • Event causes harmful memories, _______, anxiety, social _______, and _________ problems. • Women 0nly __% / Men ___% _________ of Anxiety Disorders? •We ______ our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety. •Fear ___________ & _____________ Anxiety •________ & Natural Selection causes anxiety for certain objects/ situations •Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with ____ circuits like the ______________________ 41 ___________ Thinking • The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is _________ and _______ and distorted with false beliefs. • Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in ______________ • - they _______ filter out information. Disorganized & __________ Thinking Delusions = _____________ This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my (Sheehan, 1982) eighteenth birthday.” Delusions of _________ --“someone is following me” Delusions of __________ --“I am a king” Disturbed __________ • ____________sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. • __________, visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory Inappropriate _________ and ___________ • Laugh at inappropriate times. • __________ (show no emotion) • Senseless, compulsive acts. • __________motionless (______Flexibility) Positive v. Negative Symptoms __________ Symptoms •Presence of ____________ symptoms •____________, disorganized or delusional talking ________ Symptoms •Absence of __________ ones. •____________ faces, rigid bodies Schizophrenia ___ in a 100 ______ million people worldwide Usually begins during ________ Men & Women equally but more severe for ______ __________/Process Schizophrenia -- slow to develop & recovery is doubtful (usually display ________ symptoms) _________/Reactive Schizophrenia -- rapidly develops & recovery is better (usually show ________ symptoms) Types of Schizophrenia __________ Schizophrenia • disorganized _______ or behavior, or ____ or inappropriate emotion. • _______________ • "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic" ________ Schizophrenia • preoccupation with ______ or ___________. • Somebody is out to get me!!!! _______ Schizophrenia • __________ • _____________ • parrot like ________ of another’s speech and movements __________ Schizophrenia • Many and _______ Symptoms. Schizophrenia _______? Schizophrenia is a disease of the ______ exhibited by the symptoms of the mind. •________, Fetal Development, ___________ •________________: Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the brain. •Abnormal ______ Activity: Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and ___________ •___________ of fluid-filled ___________. __________ Disorders • Characterized by _________ and ________ behavior patterns that impair _______ functioning • Dominates their personality. • Usually without ______, ________, or delusions 3 clusters: • _______ •________ •________ _______ Personality Disorder • Lack of __________ for wrongdoing • Lack of _________. • Little _______ for other’s feelings. • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves. • _______ or _________ • Less _____ hormones & smaller __________? _______ Personality Disorder • Needs to be the _______ of attention. • Whether acting ________ or dressing ____________. _______ Personality Disorder • Having an unwarranted sense of _____________. • Thinking that you are the center of the _________. _________ Personality Disorder • _____________ on the attention and help of others. _______________ Personality Disorder • Overly concerned with certain ________ and performing certain ________. • Not as extreme as ______________. Other Disorders • Sexual Disorders -_________, ________, Sadist, Masochist, _________ • ________ Disorders • ________ Disorders • ________-related disorders • ____________ • ________ Disorders • ________ Disorders • __________ ______ of Psychological Disorders