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Abnormal
Psychology
Mr. Mac
From the Cracking Book
Definitions of Abnormality
 4 components
 Abnormal behavior is unusual- deviant
statistically
 Maladaptive interferes with person’s
ability to function in given situations.
 Labeled Abnormal
 Characterized by  Perceptual or
cognitive dysfunction
Theories of
Psychopathology:
Causes of abnormal behavior
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Psychoanalytical
Humanistic
Cognitive
Behavioral
Psycho-physiological
Socio-cultural
Freud- Psychoanalytical
 Freud- Psychoanalytical
 Interactions of Id, Ego, Superego are
responsible for abnormal behavior.
 Seeds of abnormal behavior occur in
childhood
Humanistic Being too sensitive to criticism &
judgment of others
 Related to people unable to accept their
own nature
 Feelings of isolation due to lack of
positive self-regard (also-external)
Cognitive
 Abnormal thought = distortions lead to
misconceptions-misinterpretations
 Treatment = change content of thought
 Change ways thoughts are processed
Behavioral-
Abnormal behavior
 Is learned
 Has been rewarded or reinforced
 Is a pattern
 Treatment- unlearn maladaptive behavior
 Modify the learned response
Psycho-physiological
 Abnormal brain function
 Chemical or structural issues
 Treatment- Medication
Diagnosis of
Psychopathology
 DSM-IV Diagnostic
and Statistical
Manual
 Published by APA(American
Psychological
Association)
 Used to diagnose
 5 Dimensions
 Serves as a guide
1. Axis 1 Major Disorders
 Schizophrenia
 Delirium, dementia=
perceptual and cognitive
disruption
 Eating Disorders
 Anorexia + Bulimia
 Sleeping disorders- that
impact behavior
 Including brain + other
physical disorders
DSM IV- Axis II:
Personality Disorders
 Avoidant and Dependent Personality
DSM IV- AXIS III:
Physical Disorders
 Disorders that impact brain + and other
physical disorders
DSM IV- Axis IV:
Assesses level of Stress
 Assess level of psychological stress
based on factors from first 3 levels
DSM IV- Axis 5:
Overall Assessment of
Functioning
 Person’s level of functioning used to
diagnose abnormal behavior
Anxiety Disorders
 Feelings of tensions + Nervousness
 Sometimes panic attacks
 Individual feels overwhelming sense of panic
fear, desire to escape
 Physiologically Sweating
 Heart rate UP
 Feeling of being paralyzed with fright
 Panic Disorder
Anxiety Disorders 2
 Panic Disorder
 Recurring panic attacks
 Worry of panic attacks
 Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD)
 Obsessions- Involuntary persistent thoughts
 Compulsions- repetitive behaviors that are time
consuming and maladaptive
 Example – germs and washing hands (lots of time
and thought associated)
Anxiety Disorders 3
 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
 Caused by exposure to trauma- violence,
war, death, suffering
 Description: recurring thoughts and anxiety
linked to the trauma
 Causes decreased ability to function
 Causes general detachment from reality
Anxiety Disorders 4
 Phobias- persistent and irrational fear of
common events
 Agoraphobia- fear of being in open
spaces/public spaces
 Escape is perceived to be difficult
 Phobias Web Site
Somatoform Disorders
 Psychosomatic (Brain
and Body)
 Means a psych disorder
affects the body
 Characterized by
physical manifestations
 Example
 Conversion Disorder
 Pscyh disorder
 Where a deficit of
physiological function
 Paralysis or blindness
 Freud said – cause by
psychological conflicts
 If resolved it would end
the physical problem
Somatoform Disorders 2
 Hypochondrias
 A person who irrationally concerned with
having a serious disease
 Person imagines symptoms +
 Seeks treatment
Mood Disorders
 Extreme disturbances of emotional
balance
 2 types
 Depression
 Bipolar Disorder
Mood Disorders 2
Biological
Factor:
 Depression or (Uni-polar)
 Symptoms:
 Depressed mood
Linked to low
level of
serotonin
 General lack of interest in usual things
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Possible thoughts of death or suicide
Low sense of self worth
Low energy
Must last 2 or more weeks in duration to be
major depression
 Situational factors may cause or increase
Mood Disorders 3
 Bipolar Disorder
 A number of forms
 1st most common = Major
depression but with
infrequent Manic Episodes
 2nd (rare) Manic- characterized
by:
 extreme talkativeness
 increased self esteem
 Excessive pleasure seeking
 Lack of sleep
 3rd. Cycle- Normal Manic
Depression
 Ups and downs
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BiologyBoth men and women
Runs in families
Associated with
Acetylcholine
 Seasonal winter depression
 “Seasonal Affective
Disorder”
Schizophrenic Disorders
 Family of 5 disorders
(types)
 Common features
 Delusions
 Hallucinations
 Disturbedinappropriate
responses to
environmental stimuli
1. Disorganized
Schizophrenia
2. Catatonic
Schizophrenia
3. Paranoid
Schizophrenia
4. Undifferentiated
Schizophrenia
5. Residual
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
 Incoherent Speech
 Flat or inappropriate emotional affect
Catatonic Schizophrenia
 Stupor
 Rigid body for extended periods
Paranoid Schizophrenia
 Auditory hallucinations
 Feelings of persecution
 May feel as - secret/hidden message in
everyday items
 Delusions of grandeur or persecution
Undifferentiated
Schizophrenia
 Multiple symptoms
Residual Schizophrenia
 Not profoundly Schizophrenic
 Display some schizo tendencies
 Have had one or more schizo episodes
Organic Disorders
 Caused by brain damage
 Disease - Dementia, Alzheimers
 Chemicals - drugs, alcohol
dependence
 “OBS” organic brain syndrome
Personality Disorders
 Pervasive expression of
extreme abnormal
personality construct
 Interferes with normal
social functioning
1. Paranoid Personality
2. Anti-Social Personality
3. Narcissistic Personality
4. Dependent Personality
5. Histrionic Personality
Personality Disorders 2
 Paranoid Personality
 Extreme distrust and
suspicion
 Anti-social Personality
 Disregard for rights and
interests of others
 Narcissistic
 Self Pre-occupation
 Need for others to focus
on oneself
 Dependent Personality
 A need to be cared for
 Histrionic Personality
 Excessive emotional
reactions and excitability
 Need for attention
Dissociative Disorder
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Deals with dysfunction of memory or
altered sense of identity
 3 main types
1. Amnesia
2. Fugue
3. Identity disorders
Dissociative Disorder:
Amnesia
 Sudden loss of memory
 Precipitated by traumatic event
 Anterograde- loss of memory after trauma
 Retrograde- loss of memory before trauma
Dissociative Disorder:
Fugue
 Sudden Complete loss of identity caused
by stress
 Then a new identity is formed
 People often leave home and find new
identity.
Dissociative Disorder:
Identity Disorder= Multiple Personalities
 Appearance of 2 or more distinct
identities in one person
 Identities may or may not be aware of the
others
 Personality that manifests may be -
based on context