Download Abnormal Psychology: psychological disorders

Review questions
from yesterday!
 ________________________ disorder is a type
of anxiety disorder. It can occur after you've seen or
experienced an event that involved the threat of
injury or death.
________________________ disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. It can occur after
you've seen or experienced an event that involved the threat of injury or death.
mood
bipolar
PTSD
True or False?
 Hauff and Vaglum (1994) Twin research has shown
there is no genetic predisposition for PTSD.
Hauff and Vaglum (1994) Twin research has shown there is
no genetic predisposition for PTSD.
True
False
True or False?
 Geracioti (2001) found that PTSD patients had lower
levels of noradrenaline than the average.
Geracioti (2001) found that PTSD patients had lower levels of
noradrenaline than the average.
True
False
True or False?
 Having good social support helps to protect against
PTSD.
Having good social support helps to protect against PTSD.
True
False
 Which event would NOT cause PTSD?
 Warfare
 Assault
 prom
 Domestic abuse
Which event would NOT cause PTSD?
Domestic abuse
Assault
Warfare
Prom
True or False?
 Brewin et al. (1996) argue that the flashbacks occurs
as a result of cue-dependent memory, where stimuli
similar to the original traumatic event may trigger
sensory and emotional aspects of the memory, thus
causing panic.
Brewin et al. (1996) argue that the flashbacks occurs as a result of cue-dependent memory,
where stimuli similar to the original traumatic event may trigger sensory and emotional
aspects of the memory, thus causing panic.
True
False
True or False?
 Sutker et at. (1995) found that Vietnam War veterans
who had a sense of purpose and commitment to the
military had less chance of suffering from PTSD than
other veterans.
Sutker et at. (1995) found that Vietnam War veterans who had a sense of purpose and
commitment to the military had less chance of suffering from PTSD than other
veterans.
True
False
True or False?
 Silva (2000) children may develop PTSD by
observing their parents argue.
Silva (2000) children may develop PTSD by observing their
parents argue.
True
False
True or False?
 Horowitz et al. (1995) reviewed a number of studies
and found that women have a risk up to 5 times
greater than males to develop PTSD after a violent or
traumatic event.
Horowitz et al. (1995) reviewed a number of studies and found that women have a risk up
to 5 times greater than males to develop PTSD after a violent or traumatic event.
True
False
True or False?
 Natural disasters carry the highest risks for
producing PTSD.
Natural disasters carry the highest risks for producing PTSD.
True
False
Abnormal Psychology:
psychological disorders
PART III
Eating Disorders: Bulimia
• According to the National Institute of Mental Health
(NIMH), between 2-3% of women and .02-.03% of
men have been diagnosed with bulimia.
• According to Frude (1998) the female:male ratio of
bulimia sufferers is approximately 10:1. binge eating
is the most common eating disorder and it affects
around 2% of all adults. Similar prevalence rates
have been found in Japan and some European
countries.
Eating Disorders: Bulimia
• More than 5 million individuals are
believed to experience an eating
disorder (bulimia nervosa and anorexia
nervosa) in the USA alone.
• Keel et al. (2006) reported that up to
40% of college women experienced
symptoms of bulimia, such as isolated
episode of binge eating and purging.
• The onset age of bulimia typically occurs
in the late teens or early twenties.
Eating Disorders: Bulimia
 Eating disorders are believed to be more common in
industrialized countries, but appropriate studies
have not been conducted in developing countries.
Eating Disorders: Bulimia
• Individuals with bulimia nervosa undertake binge
eating and then use compensatory methods to
prevent weight gain, such as induced vomiting,
excessive exercise, or laxative abuse.
• In order for a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa to be
made, the binge eating and compensatory behaviors
must occur, on average, at least twice a week for
three months.
Eating Disorders: Bulimia
• Bulimic patients may consume more in a binge than
an average person eats in a day. Patients report that
when they begin to binge they have feelings of
disgust and guilt. Psychologists call this ego-dystonic
behavior – that is, the patient experiences the
symptoms as something distressing that he or she is
unable to control.
• For a person obsessed with the idea of not becoming
fat, a binge episode is likely to produce panic and
intense regret. Some argue that vomiting can be
effective in reversing these feelings.
Eating Disorders: Bulimia
• Bulimic patients are afraid of weight gain, and their self•
•
•
•
esteem depends on maintaining a certain weight.
They tend to be highly dissatisfied and have a distorted
sense of their own body.
Often because patients see that their behavior causes
stress for family and friends, they feel a sense of shame.
They may also experience shame regarding the waste of
food.
The combination of low self-esteem and guilt leads many
to suffer from depression.
Eating Disorders: Bulimia
• Most bulimics have an average BMI, so there are no
identifiable symptoms of the disorder.
• Repeated vomiting causes swollen salivary glands or
erosion of tooth enamel, with or without cavities.
• The loss of stomach acid (which is high in
potassium) through vomiting cause electrolyte
imbalances that can cause problems for the heart,
kidneys, and intestines. Extreme loss of potassium
can eventually lead to heart failure.
Symptoms of bulimia nervosa
• Affective: feelings of inadequacy, guilt, or shame.
• Behavioral: recurrent episodes of binge eating; use of
vomiting, laxatives, exercise, or dieting to control
weight.
• Cognitive: negative self-image; poor body image;
tendency to perceive events as more stressful than
most people would; perfectionism.
• Somatic: swollen salivary glands; erosion of tooth
enamel; stomach or intestinal problems and, in
extreme cases, heart problems.
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Biological level of analysis
 Kendler et al. (1991) studied 2000 female twins and
found the same trait of bulimia in 23% of MZ twins
and 9% in DZ twins.
 Strober (2000) found that first-degree relatives of
women with bulimia nervosa are 10 times more
likely than average to develop the disorder.
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Biological level of analysis
• Serotonin also appears to play a role in bulimia.
Increased serotonin levels stimulate the medial
hypothalamus and decrease food intake.
• Carraso (2000) found lower levels of serotonin in
bulimic patients.
• Smith et al. (1990) found that when serotonin levels
were reduced in recovered bulimic patients, they
engages in cognitive patterns related to eating
disorders, such as feeling fat.
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Cognitive explanations
• According to the body-image distortion hypothesis
(Bruch, 1962), many eating disorder patients suffer
from the delusion that they are fat, and that they
overestimate their body size.
• Slade and Brodie (1994) suggest that those who
suffer from an eating disorder are in fact uncertain
about the size and shape of their own body, and that
when they are compelled to make a judgment they
often overestimate their body size.
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Cognitive explanations
• Rozin and Fallon (1985) compared males’ and females’
responses to questions dealing solely with body image.
Participants answered questions concerning their current
figure, their ideal figure, the figure they thought would be
most attractive to the opposite sex, and the figure they
found most attractive of the opposite sex. Fallon and
Rozin found that generally, women are less satisfied with
their bodies than men. Men’s current, ideal, and
attractive ratings were more similar, whereas, there was
a significant difference among the same comparison data
of women. These findings run parallel to the fact that
more females than males are diagnosed with eating
disorders (DSM-IV, 2000).
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Cognitive explanations
• Polivy and Herman (1985) proposed that dieting causes binge
eating. Dieters rely heavily on cognitive factors rather than
physiological cues to maintain control over their eating behavior.
Laboratory research has consistently shown that restrained eaters
can maintain their strict dietary guidelines and avoid overeating
when demands of the study are low and allow them to follow their
diet; however, when restrained eaters must consume a high-calorie
pre-load (i.e., a milkshake) prior to a laboratory “taste test,” they
overeat or even binge. P
• Polivy and Herman (1985) assert that these episodes of overeating
appear to be due to a violation of the strict dietary rules of the
restrained eater. “all or nothing approach.”
• Non-restrained eaters, on the other hand, show a more normal
eating pattern under laboratory conditions. They eat more in the
“taste test” if there is no high-calorie pre-load but less when there is
one. S
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Sociocultural level of analysis
 The current media ideal of
thinness is achievable by
less than 5% of the female
population.
 Women are much more
likely than men or
children to be the target
for the media propaganda
that promotes thinness.
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Sociocultural level of analysis
• Sanders and Bazalgette (1993) analyzed the body
shape of three of the most popular dolls available for
young girls (Barbie, Sindy, and the Little Mermaid).
Measuring their height, hips, waist, and bust. They
then transformed those measurements to apply to a
woman of average height and found that, relative to
women, the dolls all had tiny hips and waists, and
greatly exaggerated inside leg measurements.
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Sociocultural level of analysis
 Studies indicate that by the age of 12, body shape can
be a major criterion in self-evaluation and the
evaluation of others. There are numerous sources of
social pressure that push even young children
towards being thin.
Etiology of bulimia nervosa:
Sociocultural level of analysis
• More and more men are feeling the pressure to be thin and look good,
according to the American Dietetic Association Food and Nutrition
Conference."Males are taking on our unhealthy obsession with thinness
and perfection, and as a result we are seeing an increased incidence in
eating disorders in males" says Sondra Kronberg.
• According to the National Eating Disorders Association, there are about 1
million men with serious eating disorders and tens of millions who have
some form of eating disorders.
• "From a very young age, boys are surrounded with media messages of what
they should look like," Kronberg says. "Action figures present subtle
messages of unrealistic role models of well-sculpted, heavily muscled,
'perfect' bodies that little boys see as their role models." Popular culture
plays a role in new male attitudes, Kronberg says. "It is due in part to our
culture that values the beautiful, thin, and perfect physical exterior instead
of what is on the inside. The cultural message suggests that if you don't like
your body or face, you can fix it and bigger is better.“
• At any given time, 25 percent of men are on diets and 41 percent are
dissatisfied with their weight.
Jaeger et al. (2002)
Cross-cultural differences in body dissatisfaction
• It is widely accepted that risk factors for bulimia nervosa, mainly
body dissatisfaction, are dependent on cultural factors.
• A series of 10 silhouettes, designed to be as far as possible free from
cultural and other detailed aspects, was shown to 1,751 medical and
nursing students in 12 nations.
• The most extreme body dissatisfaction was found in northern
Mediterranean countries, followed by northern European countries.
Countries currently undergoing a process of westernization show an
intermediate amount of body dissatisfaction, and non-western
countries demonstrate rather low values.
• Body dissatisfaction is the most important influence on dieting
behavior in most countries. There are remarkable differences in
body dissatisfaction between different cultures. That body
dissatisfaction seems disturbingly partly detached from the actual
BMI.
True or False?
 Polivy and Herman (1985) proposed that dieting
does not cause binge eating.
Polivy and Herman (1985) proposed that dieting does not
cause binge eating.
True
False
 The current media ideal of thinness is achievable by
less than __________%of the female population.
The current media ideal of thinness is achievable by less than
_____%of the female population.
2%
5%
8%
 The onset age of bulimia typically occurs in the
________________________
The onset age of bulimia typically occurs in the
________________________
Late twenties or early thirties
Late thirties or early fifties
Late teens or early twenties
 According to the National Eating Disorders
Association, there are about 1 _______ men with
serious eating disorders
According to the National Eating Disorders Association, there
are about 1 _______ men with serious eating disorders
million
trillion
billion
True or False?
 Eating disorders are believed to be more common in
industrialized countries.
Eating disorders are believed to be more common in
industrialized countries
True
False