Download psychological disorders Psych

Abnormal Psychology
A.K.A. Psychological Disorders
A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is
judged to be maladaptive, unjustifiable,
atypical or disturbing.
1
MUDA
• A mnemonic device used to
remember the four attributes of a
psychological disorder
– Maladaptive
– Unjustifiable
– Disturbing
– Atypical
2
Maladaptive
• An exaggeration of normal,
acceptable behaviors
• Destructive to oneself or others
3
Unjustifiable
• A behavior which does not have a
rational basis
4
Disturbing
• A behavior which is troublesome to
other people
5
Atypical
• A behavior so different from other
people’s behavior that it violates a
norm
• Norms vary from culture to culture
6
Understanding Psychological
Disorders
Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders
include trephination, exorcism, being caged like
animals, being beaten, burned, castrated,
mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.
John W. Verano
Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)
7
History of Mental Disorders
• In the 1800’s,
disturbed people
were no longer
thought of as
madmen, but as
mentally ill.
They were first put in hospitals.
Did this mean better treatment?
8
Early Mental Hospitals
• They were nothing more than barbaric prisons.
•The patients were chained
and locked away.
•Some hospitals even charged admission
for the public to see the “crazies”, just like
a zoo.
9
Philippe Pinel
• Pinel said “take the
chains off and declare
that these people are
sick” “a cure must be
found!!!”
10
Perspectives and Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Cause of the Disorder
Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic
Failure to strive to one’s potential or
being out of touch with one’s feelings.
Behavioral
Reinforcement history, the
environment.
Cognitive
Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or
ways of thinking.
Sociocultural
Biomedical/Neuroscience
Dysfunctional Society
Organic problems, biochemical
imbalances, genetic predispositions.
11
Classifying Psychological Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to classify, and
describe psychological symptoms of the disorders. It does not
explain causes or possible cures.
The most recent edition,
DSM-IV-TR (Text
Revision, 2000),
describes 400
psychological disorders
compared to 60 in the
1950s.
12
Multiaxial Classification
Axis I
Axis II
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety,
mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation
present?
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes,
Axis III
hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems
Axis IV
(school or housing issues) also present?
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s
Axis V functioning?
13
Multiaxial Classification
Note 16 syndromes in Axis I
14
Multiaxial Classification
Note Global Assessment for Axis V
15
Goals of DSM
1.
2.
Describe (400) disorders.
Determine how prevalent the
disorder is.
Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable.
Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals
are similar.
Others criticize DSM-IV for “putting any kind
of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”
16
Anxiety Disorders
• a group of conditions
where the primary
symptoms are
anxiety or defenses
against anxiety.
• the patient fears
something awful will
happen to them.
• They are in a state
of intense
apprehension,
uneasiness,
uncertainty, or fear.
17
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GAD
• An anxiety disorder in
which a person is
continuously tense,
apprehensive and in a
state of autonomic
nervous system arousal.
• The patient is
constantly tense and
worried, feels
inadequate, is
oversensitive, can’t
concentrate and
suffers from insomnia.
18
Panic Disorder
• An anxiety disorder
marked by a minuteslong episode of
intense dread in which
a person experiences
terror and
accompanying chest
pain, choking and
other frightening
sensations.
19
Phobia
Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an
object or situation that disrupts behavior.
20
Phobias
• A person experiences
sudden episodes of
intense dread.
• Must be an irrational
fear.
• Phobia List
21
Kinds of Phobias
Agoraphobia
Acrophobia
Claustrophobia
Hemophobia
Phobia of open places.
Phobia of heights.
Phobia of closed spaces.
Phobia of blood.
22
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Persistent unwanted
thoughts
(obsessions) cause
someone to feel the
need (compulsion)
to engage in a
particular action.
• Obsession about
dirt and germs may
lead to compulsive
hand washing.
23
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
and urges to engage in senseless rituals
(compulsions) that cause distress.
24
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms
constitute post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD):
1. Haunting memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
Bettmann/ Corbis
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
25
Somatoform Disorders
• Occur when a
person manifests a
psychological
problem through a
physiological
symptom.
26
Hypochondriasis
• Has frequent
physical complaints
for which medical
doctors are unable
to locate the cause.
• They usually
believe that the
minor issues
(headache, upset
stomach) are
indicative are more
severe illnesses.
27
Dissociative Disorders
• These disorders
involve a disruption
in the conscious
process.
• Three types….
28
Dissociative Amnesia
• A person cannot
remember things
with no physiological
basis for the
disruption in
memory.
• Retrograde Amnesia
• NOT organic
amnesia.
• Organic amnesia can
be retrograde or
antrograde.
29
Dissociative Fugue
• People with
psychogenic
amnesia that find
themselves in an
unfamiliar
environment.
30
Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Used to be known as
Multiple Personality
Disorder.
• A person has several
rather than one
integrated personality.
• People with DID
commonly have a
history of childhood
abuse or trauma.
31
Mood Disorders
• Experience extreme or inappropriate
emotion.
32
Mood Disorders
1. Major depressive disorder
2. Bipolar disorder
3. Seasonal Affective
Disorder
4. Post- Partum Depression
33
Major Depression
• Depressed for at
least two weeks
with no apparent
cause.
34
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of
depression last two weeks or more and are not
caused by drugs or medical conditions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Signs include:
Lethargy and fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family & friends
Loss of interest in activities
35
Bipolar Disorder
• Formally manic
depression.
• Involves periods of
depression and manic
episodes.
• Manic episodes involve
feelings of high energy
(but they tend to differ
a lot…some get confident
and some get irritable).
• Engage in risky behavior
during the manic episode.
36
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An
alternation between depression and mania
signals bipolar disorder.
Depressive Symptoms
Manic Symptoms
Gloomy
Elation
Withdrawn
Euphoria
Inability to make decisions
Tired
Slowness of thought
Desire for action
Hyperactive
Multiple ideas
37
Bipolar Disorder
Many great writers, poets, and composers
suffered from bipolar disorder. During their
manic phase creativity surged, but not during
their depressed phase.
Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
The Granger Collection
Wolfe
George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
Bettmann/ Corbis
Whitman
Clemens
Hemingway
38
Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Experience
depression during
the winter months.
• Based not on
temperature, but
on amount of
sunlight.
• Treated with light
therapy.
39
Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images
40
Post-partum depression
Depression Cycle
1. Negative stressful events.
2. Pessimistic explanatory
style.
3. Hopeless depressed state.
4. These hamper the way the
individual thinks and acts,
fueling personal rejection.
41
Schizophrenic Disorders
The literal translation is
“split mind.” A group of
severe disorders
characterized by the
following:
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
1. Disorganized thinking.
2. Disturbed Perceptions
3. Inappropriate Emotions and
Innappropraite Actions
42
Disorganized Thinking
• The thinking of a
person with
Schizophrenia is
fragmented and
bizarre and
distorted with false
beliefs.
• Disorganized
thinking comes from
a breakdown in
selective attention.they cannot filter 43
out information.
Delusions (false beliefs)
• Delusions of
Persecution
• Delusions of
Grandeur
44
Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was
making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars …
I’m Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me
upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my
eighteenth birthday.”
(Sheehan, 1982)
Other
forms of delusions
delusions
of
This
monologue
illustratesinclude,
fragmented,
bizarre
persecution
is following
me”) or
thinking
with (“someone
distorted beliefs
called delusions
grandeur
(“I am
a king”).
(“I’m Mary
Poppins”).
45
Disturbed Perceptions
A schizophrenic person may perceive things
that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently
such hallucinations are auditory and lesser
visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.
L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
46
Inappropriate Emotions and
Actions
• Laugh at
inappropriate times.
• Flat Affect
• Senseless,
compulsive acts.
• Word Salad
• Catatoniamotionless Waxy
Flexibility
47
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a
cluster of disorders.
These subtypes share
some features, but there
are other symptoms
that differentiate these
subtypes.
48
Disorganized Schizophrenia
• disorganized speech or
behavior, or flat or
inappropriate emotion.
• Clang associations
• "Imagine the worst
Systematic,
sympathetic
Quite pathetic,
apologetic, paramedic
Your heart is
prosthetic"
49
Paranoid Schizophrenia
• preoccupation with
delusions or
hallucinations.
• Somebody is out to
get me!!!!
50
Catatonic Schizophrenia
• Flat effect
• Waxy Flexibility
• parrot like
repeating of
another’s speech
and movements
51
Undifferentiated
Schizophrenia
• Many and
varied
Symptoms.
52
Understanding Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited
by the symptoms of the mind.
Brain Abnormalities
Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that
schizophrenic patients express higher levels of
dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.
53
Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the
frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of
schizophrenic patients. Adolescent
schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.
Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of Neuro
Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of Mental Health
54
Abnormal Brain Morphology
Schizophrenia patients may exhibit
morphological changes in the brain like
enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.
Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC
55
Viral Infection
Schizophrenia has also been observed in
individuals who contracted a viral infection
(flu) during the middle of their fetal
development.
56
Genetic Factors
The likelihood of an individual suffering from
schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has
the disease (Gottesman, 1991).
0 10 20 30 40 50
Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
57
Psychological Factors
Psychological and environmental factors can
trigger schizophrenia if the individual is
genetically predisposed (Nicols & Gottesman,
1983).
Courtesy of Genain Family
Genain Sisters
The genetically identical
Genain
sisters suffer from
schizophrenia. Two more than
others, thus there are
contributing environmental
factors.
58
Personality Disorders
Personality disorders
are characterized by
inflexible and
enduring behavior
patterns that impair
social functioning.
They are usually
without anxiety,
depression, or
delusions.
59
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Lack of empathy.
• Little regard for
other’s feelings.
• View the world as
hostile and look out
for themselves.
60
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A disorder in which the person (usually men)
exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even
toward friends and family members. Formerly,
this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.
61
Dependent Personality Disorder
• Rely too much on
the attention and
help of others.
62
Histrionic Personality Disorder
• Needs to be the
center of
attention.
• Whether acting
silly or dressing
provocatively.
63
Narcissistic Personality
Disorder
• Having an unwarranted
sense of selfimportance.
• Thinking that you are
the center of the
universe.
64
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• People with schizoid
personality disorder
avoid relationships
and do not show
much emotion
They genuinely prefer to be alone and do
not secretly wish for popularity.
65
Borderline Personality Disorder
• characterized by mood instability and
poor self-image
People with this disorder are prone to
constant mood swings and bouts of
anger.
66
Borderline Personality
Disorder
• they will take their
anger out on
themselves, causing
themselves injury
Suicidal threats and actions
are not uncommon
They are quick to anger when their
expectations are not met.
67
Other Disorders
• Paraphilias
(pedophilia,
zoophilia, etc)
• Fetishism
• Sadist, Masochist
• Eating Disorders
• Substance use
disorders
• ADHD
68