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Psychological Disorders [email protected] What is Normal? • Psychopathology: Scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; also refers to abnormal or maladaptive behavior What is Normal Continued • Statistical Abnormality: Abnormality defined by having extreme scores on some dimension, such as intelligence, anxiety, or depression • Social Nonconformity: Disobeying societal standards for normal conduct; usually leads to destructive or self-destructive behavior What Is Normal? Continued • Situational Context: Social situation, behavioral setting, or general circumstances in which behavior takes place – Is it normal to walk around strangers naked? If you are in a locker room and in the shower area, yes! • Cultural Relativity: Judgments are made relative to the values of one’s culture Core Features of Abnormal Behavior (Mental Illness) • Maladaptive Behavior: Behavior that makes it difficult to function, to adapt to the environment, and to meet everyday demands • Individuals with mental illness lose their ability to control their thoughts, behaviors, or feelings adequately • Mental Disorder: Significant impairment in psychological functioning Classifying Mental Disorders • Psychotic Disorder: Severe psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, social withdrawal, and a move away from reality • Organic Mental Disorder: Mental or emotional problem caused by brain pathology (i.e., brain injuries or diseases) • Mood Disorder: Disturbances in affect (emotions), like depression or mania Classifying Mental Disorders Continued • Anxiety Disorder: Feelings of fear, apprehension, anxiety, and distorted behavior that is anxiety related • Somatoform Disorder: Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (blindness, anesthesia) for which there is no identifiable physical cause • Dissociative Disorder: Temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization (like being in a dream world, feeling like a robot, feeling like you are outside of your body) Classifying Mental Disorders Concluded • Personality Disorder: Deeply ingrained, unhealthy, maladaptive personality patterns • Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder: Problems with sexual identity, deviant sexual behavior, or sexual adjustment • Substance Related Disorders: Abuse or dependence on a behavior or moodaltering drug, like alcohol or cocaine – Person cannot stop using the substance and may suffer withdrawal symptoms if they do Insanity • Definition: A legal term; refers to an inability to manage one’s affairs or to be unaware of the consequences of one’s actions • Those judged insane (by a court of law) are not held legally accountable for their actions • Can be involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital • Many movements today are trying to abolish the insanity plea and defense; desire to make everyone accountable for their actions Personality Disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) • Definition: A person who lacks a conscience (superego?); typically emotionally shallow, impulsive, selfish, and manipulative toward others; oftentimes called psychopaths or sociopaths • Many are delinquents or criminals, but many are not crazed murderers displayed on television • Create a good first impression and are often charming; may cheat their way through life • Blind to signs of disgust in other people ASPD: Causes and Treatments • Possible Causes: – Childhood history of emotional deprivation, neglect, and physical abuse – Underarousal of the brain • Very difficult to effectively treat; will lie, charm, and manipulate their way through therapy Panic Disorders • Panic Disorder (without Agoraphobia): A chronic state of anxiety with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic (panic attack) • Panic Attack: Feels like one is having a heart attack, going to die, or is going insane – Symptoms include vertigo, chest pain, choking, fear of losing control • Panic Disorder (with Agoraphobia): Panic attacks and sudden anxiety still occur, but with agoraphobia Agoraphobia • Agoraphobia (with Panic Disorder): Intense, irrational fear that a panic attack will occur in a public place or in an unfamiliar situation – Intense fear of leaving the house or entering unfamiliar situations; can be very crippling – Literally means fear of open places or market (agora) • • • • • • • • • • • Myrmecophobia- ants Phalacrophobia- becoming bald Acrophobia-heights Pentheraphobia- mother-in-law Hypengyophobia-responsibility Venustraphobia- beautiful women Ailurophobia-cats Gamophobia- marriage Ophidiophobia-snakes Arachnophobia-spiders Hydrophobia- water Specific Phobias • Irrational, persistent fears, anxiety, and avoidance that focus on specific objects, activities, or situations • People with phobias realize that their fears are unreasonable and excessive, but they cannot control them Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors • Obsession: Recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent – Cause anxiety and extreme discomfort – Enter into consciousness against the person’s will – Most common: Being dirty or wondering if you performed an action (turned off the stove) Compulsions • Compulsion: Irrational acts that person feels compelled to repeat against his/her will – Help to control anxiety created by obsessions – Checkers and cleaners Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • PTSD lasts more than one month after the traumatic event has occurred; may last for years – Typically associated with combat and violent crimes (rape, assault, etc.) Somatoform Disorders • Hypochondriasis: Person is preoccupied with fears of having a serious illness or disease – Interpret normal sensations and bodily signs as proof that they have a terrible disease – No physical disorder can be found Somatization Disorder • Person expresses anxieties through numerous physical complaints – Many doctors are consulted but no organic or physical causes are found Psychosis • Loss of contact with reality marked by hallucinations, delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization Delusions & Illusions . An illusion(sensory disturbances) is a fanciful vision or a false impression or idea, a mental state in which one attributes reality to something unreal. Delusion(strong beliefs against facts) is a mistaken impression or wrong idea, but the word also implies action - the action of fooling with a wrong impression or idea or the condition of being fooled or deceived. Some examples are: In an allusion to her profession, she named her cat Webster. / He suffers from the delusion that he is a great writer. / It is an illusion that the economy is in a full Hallucinations • Imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that do not exist in the real world – Most common psychotic hallucination is hearing voices – Note that olfactory hallucinations sometimes occur with seizure disorder (epilepsy) Organic Psychosis • Psychosis caused by brain injury or disease