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Chapters 12 and13 Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders Mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning Insanity A person is not legally responsible for his or her acts due to their mental condition. Classifying Psychological Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides a system for diagnosing and classifying psychological disorders It describes about 300 specific disorders and organizes them into categories NEVER SHOWS CAUSE!!! Anxiety Disorders Characterized by frequent fearful thoughts about what might happen in the future Most common category of psychological disorders Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder – Disorder involving overwhelming, chronic, excessive worry for six months or more. Continuous state of sympathetic nervous system activity. Anxiety Disorders Panic attack An episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror Brains of panic-attack sufferers respond to normal changes in the body as if they were life threatening Panic disorder Disorder in which a person experiences recurring, unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror Phobias Phobia: a persistent, irrational fear of some object, situation, or activity that poses little or no real danger 3 subtypes Agoraphobia Intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible if one experiences overwhelming anxiety or a panic attack Often begins with repeated panic attacks People sometimes plan their entire lives around avoiding feared situations Phobias Social anxiety disorder: fear and avoidance of any social or performance situation in which one might embarrass or humiliate oneself in front of others Common Anxiety Disorders cont… Specific phobia is a fear of a specific object or situation, a general label for any phobia other than agoraphobia or social phobia (catchall category) Treatment: Behavior Modification Techniques Based on Learning Theories Systematic desensitization -- based on classical conditioning; used to treat fears Trained to relax while being confronted with a hierarchy of fears. Eventually, client can stay relaxed while confronting even the most feared situation Behavior Modification Techniques Based on Learning Theories cont… Flooding also based on classical conditioning Client is exposed to the feared object or event for an extended period Until their anxiety decreases Biological Treatments Antianxiety drugs – Benzodiazepines are effective for treating generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder – Valium, Xanax Block reuptake of GABA – Addictive, drug tolerance and withdrawal, sedating Antidepressants (work on Serotonin) – Paxil, Zoloft Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Disorder in which a person suffers from recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions Obsession – persistent, involuntary thought, image, or impulse that causes great distress Compulsion – persistent, irresistible, and irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly – often involve cleaning and washing, counting, checking, touching objects, hoarding, or excessive organizing Mood Disorders Disorders characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in emotion or mood Depression mania Major Depressive Disorder marked by feelings of great sadness, despair, and hopelessness as well as loss of the ability to feel pleasure (anhedonia) Symptoms also include: – Changes in appetite, weight, and sleep patterns – Difficulty thinking or concentrating Cognitive Therapies Therapies that assume maladaptive behavior can result from irrational, automatic thoughts, beliefs, and ideas Helps clients stop their negative thoughts as they occur and replace them with more objective thoughts Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy A-activating event B-belief C-consequences What needs to change? Figure 13.1 The ABCs of Rational Emotive Therapy Drug Therapy Antidepressant drugs Act as mood elevators for people who are severely depressed Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft Block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability at the synapses of the brain Selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs) (Effexor, Pristiq, Cymbalta) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Electric current is administered to the right cerebral hemisphere – Patient is under anesthesia – Usually reserved for severely depressed patients who are suicidal ECT was misused and overused in the 1940s and 1950s, leading to a bad reputation Can be a highly effective treatment for major depression Bipolar Disorder A mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in between Manic episodes are periods of excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem (grandiosity), wild optimism, pressured speech, flight of ideas and hyperactivity, often accompanied by hostility if activity is blocked Biological Treatments Lithium – Reduces both manic and depressive episodes – Treatment dose and toxic dose similar Anticonvulsant Medications – Depakot – Tegratol Mechanism unknown Risk Factors for Mood Disorders A small area in the prefrontal cortex, that plays a role in controlling emotions, is smaller than normal in people with major depression Abnormal levels of serotonin and norepinephrine are strongly linked to depression What are some risk factors for mood disorders? Prevalence rates differ between men and women In most countries, rate of depression in females is about twice that for males Suicide rates differ: ♀ 3x more likely to attempt; ♂ 4x more likely to complete Schizophrenia A severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal, and/or other bizarre behavior Symptoms of Schizophrenia Positive symptoms are abnormal behaviors that are present in people with schizophrenia Hallucinations Delusions (of grandeur or of persecution) Disorganized behavior Inappropriate affect Symptoms of Schizophrenia cont… Negative symptoms are a loss or deficiency in thought or behavior that is characteristic of normal functioning Social withdrawal Apathy Loss of motivation Flat affect – Limited speech and slow movements – Poor hygiene and grooming Explaining Schizophrenia There is probably no single cause of schizophrenia Instead, several factors interact to produce schizophrenia, including: – Constitutional vulnerability – Stress – Neuromaturational processes Explaining Schizophrenia cont… Constitutional vulnerability refers to the aspects of an individual’s congenital risk of developing schizophrenia that are attributable to two factors: Gender – Males are more likely than females to develop schizophrenia Heredity – Chances of developing schizophrenia are higher if one has a close genetic relative with schizophrenia Explaining Schizophrenia cont… Stress – Stressful events may trigger development of schizophrenia in individuals with constitutional vulnerability Neuromaturational processes – Environmental factors may disrupt normal brain development – Causing decreased frontal lobe functioning, destruction of gray matter, and abnormal dopamine activity Figure 12.6 Destruction of Gray Matter in the Brains of Adolescents Diagnosed with Schizophrenia Drug Therapy Antipsychotic drugs – Prescribed primarily for schizophrenia – Used to treat symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized behavior – Work by inhibiting dopamine activity