* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Psychiatric Issues and the Criminal Justice System
Psychological trauma wikipedia , lookup
Factitious disorder imposed on another wikipedia , lookup
Major depressive disorder wikipedia , lookup
Emil Kraepelin wikipedia , lookup
Bipolar II disorder wikipedia , lookup
Memory disorder wikipedia , lookup
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Bipolar disorder wikipedia , lookup
Impulsivity wikipedia , lookup
Anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Panic disorder wikipedia , lookup
Social anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Eating disorders and memory wikipedia , lookup
Depersonalization disorder wikipedia , lookup
Autism spectrum wikipedia , lookup
Conduct disorder wikipedia , lookup
Glossary of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Separation anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Antisocial personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Eating disorder wikipedia , lookup
Conversion disorder wikipedia , lookup
Treatment of bipolar disorder wikipedia , lookup
Munchausen by Internet wikipedia , lookup
Substance use disorder wikipedia , lookup
Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Generalized anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Schizoaffective disorder wikipedia , lookup
Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Mental disorder wikipedia , lookup
Depression in childhood and adolescence wikipedia , lookup
Spectrum disorder wikipedia , lookup
Causes of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Narcissistic personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Dissociative identity disorder wikipedia , lookup
Child psychopathology wikipedia , lookup
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders wikipedia , lookup
Pyotr Gannushkin wikipedia , lookup
Psychosis, Mood, and Personality: A Clinical Perspective John R. Chamberlain, M.D. Assistant Director, Psychiatry and the Law Program Assistant Clinical Professor University of California San Francisco Department of Psychiatry Psychiatric Diagnosis Psychiatric disorders are syndromes The underlying pathology (or pathologies) of these disorders are not understood The disorders are defined by the presence of a specified number of symptoms The combination of symptoms necessary to make a diagnosis are defined by a consensus of experts Psychiatric Diagnosis Most disorders are further defined by a minimum duration of the symptoms To be considered a disorder the symptoms must result in distress or impairment The symptoms must not be the result of substance use (except for the substance use disorders) or a general medical condition Psychiatric Diagnosis Many psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms are described with terms also used by non-psychiatrists This can result in confusion because the psychiatric meaning is often different or more specific than the lay meaning Examples: Depression ≠ Sadness or the blues Anxiety ≠ Worry or nervousness Insane ≠ Mental Illness Diagnostic Areas Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Psychotic Disorders Cognitive Disorders Substance Use Disorders Somatoform Disorders Personality Disorders Impulse Control Disorders Paraphilias Diagnostic Areas Mood Disorders Major Depression Bipolar Disorder Dysthymia Cyclothymia Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Phobias Diagnostic Areas Psychotic Disorders Substance Use Disorders Schizophrenia Schizoaffective Disorder Delusional Disorder Substance Substance Substance Substance Intoxication Withdrawal Abuse Dependence Impulse Control Disorders Pathological Gambling Pyromania Diagnostic Areas Personality Disorders A Schizoid Schizotypal Paranoid B Borderline Antisocial Histrionic Narcissistic C Avoidant Dependent Obsessive Compulsive Diagnostic Areas Cognitive Disorders Dementia Delirium Paraphilias Voyeurism Froutterism Exhibitionism Pedophilia Sadism Masochism Diagnostic Areas Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis Somatization Pain Disorder Disorder Conversion Disorder Body Dysmorphic Disorder Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder Assessment Clinical interview History Psychiatric Medical Social Family Substance use Mental status examination Cognitive screen Assessment Medical evaluation Radiologic examination Laboratory evaluation EEG or other special testing Review of collateral information Psychological testing Syndromes Mania Three or more symptoms, present for one week or more Elevated, Expansive, or Irritable Mood Grandiosity Distractibility Racing thoughts Pressured speech Decreased need for sleep Increased goal directed activity Increased participation in pleasurable activities Syndromes Major Depression Five or more symptoms for two weeks or more Depressed Mood Anhedonia (loss of enjoyment in usual activities) Suicidal thoughts (not just thoughts of death) Decreased energy Altered sleep (increased or decreased) Altered appetite (increased or decreased) Decreased concentration Psychomotor agitation or retardation Decreased self-esteem, excessive guilt Syndromes Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Experience of a severe stressor—typically a threat to one’s life (or bodily integrity) or the life (or bodily integrity) of someone nearby Recurrent re-experience of the trauma Persistent increased arousal Altered emotional status Syndromes Schizophrenia Symptoms more are present for six months or Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms Syndromes Schizoaffective Symptoms Disorder of schizophrenia Presence of mood symptoms for essentially the entire time of the disorder Must have at least one period of two weeks with only psychotic symptoms No periods of mood symptoms without psychosis Syndromes Delusional Disorder Encapsulated, non-bizarre delusions The delusions are possible although the evidence is against them Multiple sub-types Persecutory Grandiose Erotomanic Syndromes Substance Use Disorders Abuse Maladaptive pattern of use of a substance Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, home Recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous Recurrent legal problems Continued use despite social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance Syndromes Substance Use Disorders Dependence Maladaptive pattern of use of a substance Tolerance Withdrawal Use in larger amounts or for longer than intended Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to decrease use Important activities are given up or reduced Persistent use despite knowledge of physical or psychiatric problems related to use Great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain, use, or recover from the effects of the substance Syndromes Personality Disorders This term refers to a group of disorders characterized by longstanding maladaptive patterns of perceiving, experiencing, and interacting with the environment, other people, and one’s own emotions The disorders are placed into three clusters—A, B, and C Some of these disorders appear to be related to other psychiatric conditions (e.g. mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders) For example, avoidant personality disorder has many features in common with social anxiety disorder Syndromes Personality Disorders Some of the personality disorders are found at a greater than expected frequency in families with other psychiatric conditions As a result it is thought these disorders reside on a continuum with one another For example, schizotypal personality disorder is found more often in families of individuals with schizophrenia than in the general population Syndromes Personality Disorders In other cases the similarity between personality disorders and other psychiatric disorders is in name only In these cases the similar names imply an association that is not seen in the clinical presentation or in the epidemiology This can lead to confusion for clinicians, students, and patients For example, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder have little in common other than their names Treatment Just as the underlying pathology of psychiatric disorders is not understood, the mechanisms by which treatment for these conditions work are unclear The biopsychosocial model is currently popular and stresses the importance of viewing and treating psychiatric disorders as being comprised of biological, social, and psychological factors Treatments can be divided into psychotherapy (i.e. talk therapy and somatic therapy (i.e. medications, electroconvulsive therapy) Treatment Medications Antidepressants Anxiolytics Mood stabilizers Antipsychotics Treatment CBT (cognitive behavioral psychotherapy) focuses on identifying and changing negative styles of thinking and behaving Can be conducted in either individual or group settings Focused on the present Is brief—utilizing twelve to sixteen sessions on a once a week basis Requires the patient to practice skills between sessions Treatment IPT (interpersonal psychotherapy) focuses on identifying and working through disturbed personal relationships that may contribute to the symptoms of depression Focused on the present Is brief—utilizing twelve to sixteen sessions on a once a week basis Requires the patient to practice skills between sessions