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Schacter Gilbert PSYCHOLOGY Wegner Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders Slides prepared by Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos 13.1 Defining the Boundaries of Normality - - Determining the degree to which a person has a mental disorder is difficult Global assessment of functioning 2 13.1 Classification - DSM-IV-TR Neurosis —now anxiety disorders • each of the anxiety disorders, then, is defined by observable features such as excessive anxiety in general, in a particular setting, etc. 3 13.1 Classification - Comorbidity— diagnosis is also difficult because some people suffer from more than one disorder 4 13.5 Schizophrenia - Subtypes - Because the various symptoms do not occur in every case, recent editions of the DSM recognize 5 subtypes 5 13.5 Schizophrenia - Biological factors • symptoms are so severe it suggests “organic” origins • strong heritability • prenatal exposure to toxins 6 13.5 Schizophrenia Prenatal exposure to toxins - Dopamine hypothesis - Neuroanatomy - • enlarged ventricles (left photo) • tissue loss in parietal lobe progressing to much of brain 7 13.6 Personality Disorders - Personality disorders—defined Fall into three clusters: • odd/eccentric • dramatic/erratic • anxious/inhibited 8 9 Final Project - Synthesize course material - 4 page minimum (1-page per question); doublespaced - Cover page - Answer comprehensively with specific examples and references to the text - No plagiarism 10 Final Project - 1. The text discusses several methods of studying human behavior. These include the case study, naturalistic observation, correlational research, survey research, and the experimental method. If you were going to design a study investigating the relationship between alcohol and violence, which of these methods would you choose and why? What would be the relative strengths and weaknesses of this study? What ethical considerations must be taken into account while undertaking this study? Chapter 2 - 2. What is the difference between negative and positive reinforcement? Describe two situations: one in which you have been positively reinforced; and one in which you have been negatively reinforced. Be sure to identify the reinforcement and the target behaviors in your examples and discuss how you were reinforced. Include any shaping that occurred due to these reinforcements. What ethical considerations must be taken into account while undertaking this approach? Chapter 6 - 3. Which theory of psychological thought fits with your own thinking about psychology? Going back to Chapter 1, review the theories and discuss in detail how one or more theories help you to understand the roots of psychology. What have you learned about this theory or theories and how do they apply to your understanding of psychology? Chapter 1 4. Psychological disorders and their treatment are a fascinating area to study. Imagine you are now the counselor working with your first client who suffers with a severe anxiety disorder. Describe how you will identify the disorder through symptoms. What type of treatment will you use to help this person? Remember you can use a number of different treatment approaches. Chapters 13 and 14 11 Seminar Unit 9 - Our world is seeing a rise in anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. What is an anxiety disorder? What symptoms would you expect to see in someone with an anxiety disorder? Are there different types of anxiety disorders related to stress? What are some of those disorders? What are the symptoms that you must look for to identify the disorder? How would you treat this disorder? - What is a depressive disorder? What symptoms would you expect to see in someone with a depressive disorder? Are there different types of depression? What are some of those disorders? What are the symptoms that you must look for to identify the disorder? How easy is it to identify the different types of depressive disorders and why? How would you treat these disorders? - What is a bipolar disorder? What symptoms would you expect to see in someone with bipolar disorder? Are there different types of bipolar disorders? What are some of those disorders? What are the symptoms that you must look for to identify the disorder? How easy is it to identify the different types of bipolar disorders and why? How would you treat these disorders? 12 Introduction - - Psychopathology--the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders Psychological or mental disorders--a pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of daily life or both DSM-IV TR--abbreviation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision; the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders - Global assessment of functioning 15 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety/fear is: • Excessive; persistent; disproportional to situation • Uncontrollable • Interferes with functioning - Most common psychiatric disorders • High rates of comorbidity with other disorders - Phobias most common • Including specific (11.3%) and social phobias (13.3%) lifetime prevalence rates - Phobias - Phobia--an irrational fear triggered by a specific object or situation • Specific phobias-- a psychological disorder that is characterized by an extreme and irrational fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with the ability to function in daily life •Situations •Features of the natural environment •Blood, injection, injury •Animals and insects Situational Phobias Animal Phobias Blood-Injection-Injury Phobias Natural/Environmental Phobias Specific Phobias NOS Unusual Specific Phobias (Beginning with the letter “C”) Cancer- Cancerophobia Celestial spaces- Astrophobia. Cemeteries- Coimetrophobia. Changes, moving- Tropophobia Chickens- Alektorophobia. Childbirth- Maleusiophobia, Children- Pedophobia. Chinese culture- Sinophobia. Chins- Geniophobia. Choking- Pnigophobia Cholera- Chorophobia. Church- Ecclesiophobia. Clocks- Chronomentrophobia. Clothing- Vestiphobia. Clouds- Nephophobia. Clowns- Coulrophobia. Coitus- Coitophobia. Cold or cold things- Frigophobia. Color purple- Porphyrophobia. Color red- Erythrophobia Color yellow- Xanthophobia. Color white- Leukophobia. Colors- Chromophobia Comets- Cometophobia. Computers- Cyberphobia. Constipation- Coprastasophobia. Cooking- Mageirocophobia. Corpses- Necrophobia. Cosmic PhenomenonKosmikophobia. Criticism- Rhabdophobia. Crossing streets- Agyrophobia Crowds or mobs- Enochlophobia Crucifix or crosses- Staurophobia. Crystal or glass- Crystallophobia. Social Phobia - Social Phobia--an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in a social situation. Social Phobia - Persistent, intense fear of social situations • Fear of negative evaluation or scrutiny - More intense than shyness - 33% also diagnosed with Avoidant Personality Disorder - Often begins in adolescence - Generalized or specific • Depends on range of situations avoided Phobias - Causes of Phobias • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Observational learning • Biological preparedness Panic Disorder - Frequent panic attacks unrelated to specific situations - Panic attack • Sudden, intense episode of apprehension, terror, feelings of impending doom • Physiological symptoms may include: •Sweating, nausea, labored breathing, dizziness, heart palpitations Panic Disorder - - Involves recurrent uncued attacks • Occur unexpectedly without warning • Cued attacks •Triggered by specific situations •May be a phobia Worry about future attacks Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia • Avoidance of situations in which escape would be difficult or embarrassing Panic Disorder - Causes of Panic disorder • 1. Biology and genetics • 2. Cognitive-behavioral theory Panic Disorder - Often begins in adolescence - 25% unemployed for more than 5 years because of symptoms (Leon et al., 1995) - Prognosis worse when agoraphobia is present Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - - Obsessions • Intrusive, recurring, and uncontrollable thoughts or urges • Experienced as irrational • Most common: contamination, sexual & aggressive Compulsions • Impulse to repeat certain behaviors or mental acts •e.g., hand washing, checking, repeating a word, counting • Extremely difficult to resist the impulse • May involve elaborate behavioral rituals Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) First develops either before age 10 or during late adolescence/early adulthood - Men • Early onset more common - Women • Cleaning compulsions more common - OCD often chronic - Impacts personal relationships • Can be very difficult to live with someone with OCD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Extreme response to severe stressor • Anxiety, avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma, emotional numbing - Experienced or witnessed a traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death or injury • e.g., war, rape, natural disaster - Event leads to intense fear or helplessness - Symptoms present for more than a month Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - PTSD Symptoms grouped into 3 categories: 1. Reexperiencing the traumatic event » 2. Nightmares, intrusive thoughts, or images Avoidance of stimuli » » e.g., Refuse to walk on street where rape occurred Numbing » » » 3. Decreased interest in others Feels distant or separate from others Unable to experience positive emotions Increased arousal » Insomnia, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response Mood Disorders - a category of mental disorders in which significant and chronic disruption in mood is the predominant symptom, causing impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning. Mood Disorders - - Disabling disturbances of emotion Depression characterized by: • Sadness • Feelings of worthlessness and guilt • Withdrawal from others • Changes in sleep and appetite Mania characterized by: • Intense elation or irritability • Hyperactivity, talkativeness, distractibility Major Depression - Major Depression--a mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning • Symptoms •Emotional •Behavioral •Cognitive •Physical Bipolar Disorder - Bipolar Disorder--a mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement • Manic episode--a sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech Mood Disorders - Causes of Mood Disorders • Genetics • Neurotransmitters • Stress