Download Panic Disorder

Schacter
Gilbert
PSYCHOLOGY
Wegner
Chapter 13
Psychological
Disorders
Slides prepared by
Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos
13.1 Defining the Boundaries of
Normality
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Determining the
degree to which a
person has a mental
disorder is difficult
Global assessment
of functioning
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13.1 Classification
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DSM-IV-TR
Neurosis —now
anxiety disorders
• each of the anxiety
disorders, then, is
defined by
observable features
such as excessive
anxiety in general, in
a particular setting,
etc.
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13.1 Classification
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Comorbidity—
diagnosis is also
difficult because
some people suffer
from more than one
disorder
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13.5 Schizophrenia - Subtypes
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Because the various
symptoms do not
occur in every case,
recent editions of the
DSM recognize 5
subtypes
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13.5 Schizophrenia
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Biological factors
• symptoms are so
severe it suggests
“organic” origins
• strong heritability
• prenatal exposure to
toxins
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13.5 Schizophrenia
Prenatal exposure
to toxins
- Dopamine
hypothesis
- Neuroanatomy
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• enlarged ventricles
(left photo)
• tissue loss in parietal
lobe progressing to
much of brain
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13.6 Personality Disorders
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Personality
disorders—defined
Fall into three clusters:
• odd/eccentric
• dramatic/erratic
• anxious/inhibited
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9
Final Project
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Synthesize course material
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4 page minimum (1-page per question); doublespaced
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Cover page
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Answer comprehensively with specific examples
and references to the text
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No plagiarism
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Final Project
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1. The text discusses several methods of studying human behavior. These include the case study, naturalistic
observation, correlational research, survey research, and the experimental method. If you were going to design a study
investigating the relationship between alcohol and violence, which of these methods would you choose and why? What
would be the relative strengths and weaknesses of this study? What ethical considerations must be taken into account
while undertaking this study? Chapter 2
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2. What is the difference between negative and positive reinforcement? Describe two situations: one in which you have
been positively reinforced; and one in which you have been negatively reinforced. Be sure to identify the reinforcement
and the target behaviors in your examples and discuss how you were reinforced. Include any shaping that occurred due
to these reinforcements. What ethical considerations must be taken into account while undertaking this approach?
Chapter 6
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3. Which theory of psychological thought fits with your own thinking about psychology? Going back to Chapter 1, review
the theories and discuss in detail how one or more theories help you to understand the roots of psychology. What have
you learned about this theory or theories and how do they apply to your understanding of psychology? Chapter 1
4. Psychological disorders and their treatment are a fascinating area to study. Imagine you are now the counselor working
with your first client who suffers with a severe anxiety disorder. Describe how you will identify the disorder through
symptoms. What type of treatment will you use to help this person? Remember you can use a number of different
treatment approaches. Chapters 13 and 14
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Seminar Unit 9
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Our world is seeing a rise in anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. What is an
anxiety disorder? What symptoms would you expect to see in someone with an anxiety
disorder? Are there different types of anxiety disorders related to stress? What are some
of those disorders? What are the symptoms that you must look for to identify the disorder?
How would you treat this disorder?
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What is a depressive disorder? What symptoms would you expect to see in someone with
a depressive disorder? Are there different types of depression? What are some of those
disorders? What are the symptoms that you must look for to identify the disorder? How
easy is it to identify the different types of depressive disorders and why? How would you
treat these disorders?
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What is a bipolar disorder? What symptoms would you expect to see in someone with
bipolar disorder? Are there different types of bipolar disorders? What are some of those
disorders? What are the symptoms that you must look for to identify the disorder? How
easy is it to identify the different types of bipolar disorders and why? How would you treat
these disorders?
12
Introduction
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Psychopathology--the scientific study of the origins,
symptoms, and development of psychological disorders
Psychological or mental disorders--a pattern of behavioral
and psychological symptoms that causes significant
personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or
more important areas of daily life or both
DSM-IV TR--abbreviation for the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual for Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision; the
book published by the American Psychiatric Association
that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic
guidelines for different psychological disorders
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Global assessment
of functioning
15
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety/fear is:
• Excessive; persistent; disproportional to situation
• Uncontrollable
• Interferes with functioning
- Most common psychiatric disorders
• High rates of comorbidity with other disorders
- Phobias most common
• Including specific (11.3%) and social phobias (13.3%)
lifetime prevalence rates
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Phobias
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Phobia--an irrational fear triggered by a specific
object or situation
• Specific phobias-- a psychological disorder that is
characterized by an extreme and irrational fear of a
specific object or situation that interferes with the ability to
function in daily life
•Situations
•Features of the natural environment
•Blood, injection, injury
•Animals and insects
Situational Phobias
Animal Phobias
Blood-Injection-Injury Phobias
Natural/Environmental Phobias
Specific Phobias NOS
Unusual Specific Phobias
(Beginning with the letter “C”)
Cancer- Cancerophobia
Celestial spaces- Astrophobia.
Cemeteries- Coimetrophobia.
Changes, moving- Tropophobia
Chickens- Alektorophobia.
Childbirth- Maleusiophobia,
Children- Pedophobia.
Chinese culture- Sinophobia.
Chins- Geniophobia.
Choking- Pnigophobia
Cholera- Chorophobia.
Church- Ecclesiophobia.
Clocks- Chronomentrophobia.
Clothing- Vestiphobia.
Clouds- Nephophobia.
Clowns- Coulrophobia.
Coitus- Coitophobia.
Cold or cold things- Frigophobia.
Color purple- Porphyrophobia.
Color red- Erythrophobia
Color yellow- Xanthophobia.
Color white- Leukophobia.
Colors- Chromophobia
Comets- Cometophobia.
Computers- Cyberphobia.
Constipation- Coprastasophobia.
Cooking- Mageirocophobia.
Corpses- Necrophobia.
Cosmic PhenomenonKosmikophobia.
Criticism- Rhabdophobia.
Crossing streets- Agyrophobia
Crowds or mobs- Enochlophobia
Crucifix or crosses- Staurophobia.
Crystal or glass- Crystallophobia.
Social Phobia
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Social Phobia--an anxiety disorder
involving the extreme and irrational fear of
being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized
by others in a social situation.
Social Phobia
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Persistent, intense fear of social situations
• Fear of negative evaluation or scrutiny
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More intense than shyness
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33% also diagnosed with Avoidant Personality Disorder
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Often begins in adolescence
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Generalized or specific
• Depends on range of situations avoided
Phobias
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Causes of Phobias
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational learning
• Biological preparedness
Panic Disorder
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Frequent panic attacks unrelated to specific
situations
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Panic attack
• Sudden, intense episode of apprehension, terror, feelings
of impending doom
• Physiological symptoms may include:
•Sweating, nausea, labored breathing, dizziness, heart
palpitations
Panic Disorder
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Involves recurrent uncued attacks
• Occur unexpectedly without warning
• Cued attacks
•Triggered by specific situations
•May be a phobia
Worry about future attacks
Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
• Avoidance of situations in which escape would be difficult
or embarrassing
Panic Disorder
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Causes of Panic disorder
• 1. Biology and genetics
• 2. Cognitive-behavioral theory
Panic Disorder
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Often begins in adolescence
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25% unemployed for more than 5 years
because of symptoms (Leon et al., 1995)
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Prognosis worse when agoraphobia is
present
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Obsessions
• Intrusive, recurring, and uncontrollable thoughts or urges
• Experienced as irrational
• Most common: contamination, sexual & aggressive
Compulsions
• Impulse to repeat certain behaviors or mental acts
•e.g., hand washing, checking, repeating a word, counting
• Extremely difficult to resist the impulse
• May involve elaborate behavioral rituals
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
First develops either before age 10 or during late
adolescence/early adulthood
- Men
• Early onset more common
- Women
• Cleaning compulsions more common
- OCD often chronic
- Impacts personal relationships
• Can be very difficult to live with someone with OCD
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Extreme response to severe stressor
• Anxiety, avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma,
emotional numbing
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Experienced or witnessed a traumatic event that
involves actual or threatened death or injury
• e.g., war, rape, natural disaster
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Event leads to intense fear or helplessness
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Symptoms present for more than a month
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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PTSD Symptoms grouped into 3 categories:
1.
Reexperiencing the traumatic event
»
2.
Nightmares, intrusive thoughts, or images
Avoidance of stimuli
»
»
e.g., Refuse to walk on street where rape occurred
Numbing
»
»
»
3.
Decreased interest in others
Feels distant or separate from others
Unable to experience positive emotions
Increased arousal
»
Insomnia, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response
Mood Disorders
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a category of mental disorders in which
significant and chronic disruption in mood is
the predominant symptom, causing
impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical
functioning.
Mood Disorders
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Disabling disturbances of emotion
Depression characterized by:
• Sadness
• Feelings of worthlessness and guilt
• Withdrawal from others
• Changes in sleep and appetite
Mania characterized by:
• Intense elation or irritability
• Hyperactivity, talkativeness, distractibility
Major Depression
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Major Depression--a mood disorder characterized by
extreme and persistent feelings of despondency,
worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing impaired
emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning
• Symptoms
•Emotional
•Behavioral
•Cognitive
•Physical
Bipolar Disorder
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Bipolar Disorder--a mood disorder involving
periods of incapacitating depression alternating
with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement
• Manic episode--a sudden, rapidly escalating emotional
state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement,
physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech
Mood Disorders
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Causes of Mood Disorders
• Genetics
• Neurotransmitters
• Stress