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Abnormal Psychology Defining Abnormal Behavior What is abnormal behavior? – statistical infrequency e.g. mental retardation – personal distress e. g. depression – violation of social norms e.g., alcoholism Abnormal behavior is behavior that causes: – significant impairment in social or occupational functioning – Significant distress in self or others Causes of Abnormal Behavior Biological factors – e.g., neurotransmitters Psychological factors – e.g. traumatic stressors Sociocultural factors – e.g. “downward” social drift An interactive approach: Biopsychosocial Classifying Abnormal Behavior Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) Multiaxial system – – – – – I: Primary classification II: Personality disorders III: General medical conditions IV: Psychosocial stressors V: Current level of functioning Categories of Mental Disorders Anxiety disorders – Psychological disorders that include the following main features: Excessive fear (out of proportion to the feared stimulus) Phsical symptoms (e.g. racing heart, sweatiness) Apprehensive expectations and thoughts Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder – Consists of persistent anxiety for at least a month – Individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety Panic disorder – Panic attacks coupled with at least one month of worry about having another panic attack Anxiety Disorders Agoraphobia – Individuals often lead very restricted lives- not leaving the house at all. – characterized by an intense fear of: Having a panic attack and being humiliated or unable to find help Anxiety Disorders Phobic disorder – Individual has irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation Social phobia – Intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Individual has recurrent unwanted thoughts that will not go away (obsession) and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsion) Common themes are contamination or doubting Anxiety Disorders Post-traumatic stress disorder – Develops through exposure to an extremely traumatic event – Anxiety symptoms may immediately follow the trauma or be delayed for many years Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders – Involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity Dissociative amnesia – Memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress Dissociative Disorders Dissociative fugue – Individual not only develops amnesia, but also unexpectedly travels away from home and assumes a new identity Dissociative identity disorder – Formerly called multiple personality disorder – Individuals have two or more distinct personalities or selves Mood Disorders Major depressive disorder – Individual experiences depressed characteristics for at least two weeks – Symptoms are: Cognitive Emotional somatic Dysthymic disorder – More chronic than major depressive disorders and has fewer symptoms. Mood Disorders Bipolar disorder – A mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania Euphoria Excitability and hyperactivity – Person may experience depression and mania Causes of Mood Disorders Biological causes – Heredity and brain processes Psychological causes – Learned helplessness occurs when individuals are exposed to aversive stimulation, such as prolonged stress or pain, over which they have no control Schizophrenia Schizophrenia – A severe psychological disorder characterized by: Disturbances in affect – e.g. flat or inappropriate Disturbances in speech and behavior – e.g. formal thought disorder Distortions in cognition – e.g., delusions and hallucinations Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia – Individual has delusions and hallucinations that have little or no recognizable meaning Catatonic schizophrenia – Most prominent characteristic is disturbances in motor behavior e.g. catatonic rigidity Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia – Characterized by delusions of reference, grandeur, and persecution Undifferentiated schizophrenia – Characterized by disorganized behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherence Causes of Schizophrenia Biological factors – Heredity and neurobiological factors The dopamine hypothesis Psychosocial factors – Diathesis-stress view A combination of biogenetic disposition and stress causes schizophrenia Personality Disorders Personality disorders – Chronic, maladaptive cognitivebehavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into the individual’s personality Odd/Eccentric Cluster Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Dramatic/Emotionally Problematic Cluster Histrionic Narcissistic Antisocial Borderline Chronic Fearfulness/Avoidant Cluster Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive Passive-aggressive