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Psychological disorders
Psychopathology
Abnormal psychology
Chapter 14
Medical model
• Disease based
• Diagnosis=
distinguish from other
diseases
• Etiology= cause
• Prognosis= probable
outcome
Figure 14.1
Historical conceptions
of mental illness
• Demonic possession
• Evil spirits
• Inhumane treatment
Myths
1.No cure
2.Violent and dangerous
3.Bizzarre
Historical treatment
of people with mental
illness
• Philippe Pinel
• Dorothea Dix
Thomas Szaz
1.Criticized use of
medical model
2.“Problems in living”
Defining abnormal
behavior
1.Maladaptive
2.Unjustifiable
3.Distressing
4.Atypical
Concept check 14.1
Applying the criteria of
Abnormal behavior
David Rosenhan
Describe his study…
David Rosenhan
1. Claimed they “heard
voices” and admitted to
mental hospital
2. Staff identified their
behavior as symptomatic
3. Controversy over
findings
Diagnosis
1.Classification or
taxonomy
2.Dangers in labeling
DSM-IV-TR
1.Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders
2.Version IV-Text
Revised
DSM-IV-TR
1.American Psychiatric
Association
2.Prototypical model
3.No CAUSE
4.No TREATMENT
DSM-IV-TR
1. Axis 1: Clinical disorders
2. Axis 2: Personality disorders and
mental retardation
3. Axis 3: General medical
conditions
4. Axis 4: Psychosocial and
environmental problems
5. Axis 5: Global assessment of
functioning
DSM-IV-TR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Axis 1: Cool
Axis 2: People
Axis 3: Get
Axis 4: P
Axis 5: G’s
DSM-IV-TR
You need to know the 5
axial system!!!
You love love love page
565
Prevalence
• Epidemiology- study of
prevalence
• Prevalence- % of
population with the
disorder
Clinical syndromes (Axis I)
1. Childhood disorders
2. Organic mental disorders
3. Substance related
4. Schizophrenia and other
psychotic disorders
5. Mood disorders
Clinical syndromes (Axis I)
6. Anxiety disorders
7. Somatoform disorders
8. Dissociative disorders
9. Sexual and gender-identity
10.Eating disorders
Anxiety Disorders
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Generalized anxiety disorders
Phobia
Panic
Agoraphobia or social phobia
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder
6. Post traumatic stress disorder
Etiology of Anxiety
Disorders
Remember anxiety
disorders are different
Understand the etiology for
each one
Etiology of Anxiety
Disorders
1. Biological
2. Conditioning and
learning
3. Cognitive factors
4. Stress
Anxiety Disorders
Make a DSM-IV-TR multiaxial diagnosis
Case study activity
Somatoform Disorders
• Soma= body
• Physical ailments that
cannot be explained
by organic conditions
Somatoform Disorders
1. Somatization
diverse complaints
2. Conversion
loss of one system
“La belle indifference”
3. Hypochondriasis
Conversion
Etiology of Somatoform
Disorders
1. Defense mechanisms
2. Personality
– Histrionic and Narcissitic
3. Cognitive
4. Sick role
• Reinforcement
• What are the benefits?
Concept check 14.2
Distinguishing anxiety and
somatoform disorders
Dissociative disorders
• Lose contact with
identity or memory
1. Amnesia
2. Fugue
3. Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID)
Dissociative amnesia
• Remember not due to
neurological impairment!
• Retrograde (old memories)
• Anterograde amnesia
– new memories
– hippocampus
Dissociative fugue
•
•
•
•
Usually a traumatic event
Lose memory of identity
Leave their home
Bourne Identity
DID
• Dissociative Identity
Disorder
• Used to be Multiple
Personality Disorder
• Not schizophrenia
DID
• Be careful of what you
see on TV and Movies
• Not everything is
accurate!
Etiology of DID
• Relatively little
understanding
• Excessive stress
• Positive correlation with
childhood abuse
Mood disorders
• Affect= emotions
1. Major depressive
disorder
2. Dysthmic disorder
3. Double depression
Mood disorders
4. Bipolar
5. Cyclothmia
6. Bipolar II
7. Seasonal affective disorder
(SADS)
8. Postpartum depression
Etiology of Mood disorders
1. Genetic vulnerability
2. Neurochemical factors
3. Cognitive factors
4. Interpersonal roots
5. Stress
Etiology of Major depressive
disorder
1. Not bipolar disorder
2. Neurochemical
• Serotonin
• Norephinephrine
3. Cognitive
Cognitive etiology of Major
Depressive Disorder
• Learned helplessness
• Pessimistic explanatory
style
• Hopelessness
• Ruminate
Depression Researchers
•
•
•
•
Aaron Beck
Martin Seligman
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema
Alloy and Abramson
Featured Study
Does negative thinking
CAUSE depression?
Featured Study
What was the
• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
Featured Study
• Independent variable
cognitive style
• Dependent variable
depression
Featured Study
• Independent variable was
not manipulated
• Quasi-experimental
design
Schizophrenic disorders
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Deterioration of adaptive
behavior
• Disturbed emotion
Schizophrenic disorders
• Delusions
– False beliefs
– “I am superman”
• Hallucinations
– False sensory perceptions
– “I see superman”
Schizophrenic Subtypes
1. Paranoid type
2. Catatonic type
3. Disorganized
4. Undifferentiated
5. Residual
Andreasen’s alternative
approach
1. Positive symptoms
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
2. Negative symptoms
• Flat emotions
• Withdrawal or apathy
• Lack of speech
Etiology of Schizophrenia
1. Genetic vulnerability
2. Neurochemical
3. Structural abnormailities
4. Neurodevelopmental
5. Expressed emotion
6. Stress
Concept check 14.3
Distinguishng
schizophrenic and mood
disorders
Personality disorders
Extreme, inflexibly
personality traits that
cause distress or
impairment in
functioning
Personality disorders
Categories
1. Anxious/Fearful
2. Odd/Eccentric
3. Dramatic/Impulsive
Personality disorders
1. Anxious/Fearful
a) Avoidant
b) Dependent
c) Obsessive-compulsive
2. Schizoid
3. Schizotypal
4. Paranoid
Personality disorders
2. Odd/Eccentric
a) Schizoid
b) Schizotypal
c) Paranoid
d) Schizoaffective (not in book)
Personality disorders
3. Dramatic/Impulsive
a)Histrionic
b)Narcissistic
c)Borderline
d)Antisocial
Antisocial personality
disorder
• Impulsive, callous,
manipulative, aggressive,
irresponsible, no
remorse
• Often involved in crime
Antisocial personality
disorder
• Used to be called sociopath
• Hannibal Lecter, Ted Bundy
• Etiology:
– Physiological, slow to
condition
– Environmental factors
Psychological Disorders and
the Law
• Insanity plea
• Involuntary commitment
(Baker act)
Culture and pathology
• Cultural variation
• Culture-bound disorders
– Koro: fear of penis
withdrawing into abdomen
– Windigo: fear of becoming a
cannibal
Stress-vulnerability model
•
•
•
•
Diathesis stress model
Multiple causation
Interaction of factors
Figure 14.23, page 597
Eating disorders
• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
– Binge
– purge
Etiology of Eating disorders
1. Genetic vulnerability
2. Personality
3. Cultural values
4. Family
5. Cognitive factors
Critical thinking
1. Representative heuristic
2. Availability heuristic
3. Cumulative probability
4. Conjunctive probability