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Rate on a scale 1 5 1 = most abnormal…. 5 = least abnormal A. Woman exercises 3 times a day B. Man stands in street & directs traffic away from demons C. PMS D. 1st cousins fall in love E. woman cooks baby & feeds it to husband ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ANXIETY DISORDERS SOMATOFORM DISSOCIATIVE MOOD PERSONALITY SCHIZOPHRENIA WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR? WHAT’S ‘ABNORMAL’? 1) UNUSUALNESS 2) SOCIAL DEVIANCE (situational) 3) EMOTIONAL DISTRESS 4) MALADAPTIVE 5) DANGEROUS 6) FAULTY PERCEPTIONS or INTERPRETATIONS OF REALITY (hallucinations &/or delusions) WHAT ARE PSYCH. DISORDERS? Behavior, thoughts, & emotions must be: 1) personal distress 2) impaired functioning 3) prolonged Involve disturbances in Behavior -- Perceptions Thinking -- Emotions PREVALENCE 50% of U.S. adults will develop 30% of U.S. adults currently suffering CULTURAL BASES Must take cultural context into acct when making judgments about abnormal behavior! Abnormal behavior patterns can be expressed in diff’t ways in diff’t cultures ex. depression China vs. depression U.S. Culture-bound syndromes: psych. disorders found in only 1 or a few cultures ex. Dhat Syndrome CAUSES OF PSYCH DISORDERS MODEL Way of explaining abnormal behavior patterns or mental disorders BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL DSM IV Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) of the APA Objective & consistent way to diagnose Classifies psych. disorders into categories distinctive features or symptoms Discover connections among disorders ppl can experience symptoms from several disorders All known disorders usually fit into a diagnostic category Major grouping INFLUENCES OF RECEIVING A DSM ‘LABEL’ NEGATIVE Reduce sense of responsibility Affects how other ppl treat or think about them Self-fulfilling prophecy POSITIVE Links ppl to resources live a better life Not the only one suffering Can treat it ANXIETY DISORDERS •Conditions in which fear, caution, worry, nervousness becomes very intense and long-lasting Most common type of mental disorders Life consumed by inappropriate fears Difficulty forming stable & satisfying relationships Self-defeating & ineffective prob. solving Expressed in constant worrying, mood swings, physical symptoms (sweating, headaches, etc) Avoid dealing w/ probs. Sense of personal inadequacy GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER Free floating anxiety Can’t explain Shakiness, fidgeting, inability to relax Can’t deal w/ relationships & responsibilities b/c preoccupied w/ worry PHOBIC DISORDERS Severe anxiety is focused Specific phobias – narrow focus on 1 thing Social phobias – fear of embarrassment/ judgment in a social setting Eating in public, mtg. strangers, etc. Agoraphobia Extreme fear of going into a public place PANIC DISORDER Sudden episodes of panic attacks Panic overwhelming feeling of helplessness, terror, doom Symptoms sense of smothering, chocking, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pains, nausea, pounding of heart, fear of losing control constant fear of having a panic attack OCD Obsession – nagging, intrusive thoughts Compulsion – repetitive behavior(s) or rituals to deal w/ obsessive thoughts Why dev? Serve as distractions from real fears ppl w/ OCD realize thoughts/actions are irrational but feel helpless to stop it Trichtolillomania SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Real or imagined physical symptoms no physical cause Cause rooted in psych. probs CONVERSION DISORDER REAL change or loss of a physical function emotional difficulties voluntary body function speech, movement, feeling/sensation, sight Calmness & lack of concern HYPOCHONDRIASIS Person whose in good health becomes preoccupied w/ imaginary ailments Excessive concern that physical complaints are signs of an underlying serious illness; look for signs Look for ‘signs’; misinterpret minor probs Cont. to believe a disease/malfunction exists even when medical exams are always negative! DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Alterations or loss in memory, identity, or consciousness Separate themselves from stressful events by selectively forgetting them DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER 2 or more distinct identities exist w/in the same person (original ‘shatters’) Each has memories, & own patterns of thinking & behaving Each has characteristics of original identity Result of individual’s effort to escape from a part of the self or reality usually suffered from severe abuse Secret ‘self’ emerges in form of separate identity(s) Don’t know about each other Women average 15; men average 8 SCHIZOPHRENIA Severe & chronic disturbance s in thinking, perception, emotions, & behavior Psychotic disorder confuses reality vs. fantasy (?) Hallucinations & delusions Exhibit bizarre behavior, incoherent speech, & illogical thinking mental processes aren’t integrated Ex. thoughts & feelings 1/100 people in world No ‘cure’… but effective treatments 50% do not respond to treatment Tends to dev. in adolescence or early adulthood Causes: genetic tendencies; biochemical imbalances in the brain (esp. dopamine); abnormal structure & function of the brain (pruning?); stressful life experiences SYMPTOMS 1) Abnormal perceptions Hallucinations Detachment outside looking in @ environs Emotional expressions are exaggerated or inappropriate 2) Disorganized thoughts absence of logical connections btw thoughts Inappropriate or chaotic associations ‘word salad’ – very chaotic patterns Dear Sirs: Pertaining to our continuing failure to prosecute violations of minor’s rights to sovereign equality which are occurring in gestations being compromised by the ingestation of controlled substances… the skewing of androgyny which continues in female juveniles even after separation from their mother’s has occurred, and as a means of promulflagitating my paying Governor Hickel of Alaska fro my employees to have persona services endorsements and controlled substance endorsements, … the Iraqi oil being released by the United Nations being identified as Kurdistanian oil, and the July 1991 issue of the Siberian Review spells Eltsin’s name without a letter y. 3) Disturbed thoughts Persecution someone/thing plotting against them Grandeur inflated worth or power Thought broadcasting thoughts can be heard by others Thought stealing or insertion others are preventing or ‘stealing’ their thoughts; other ppl’s thoughts are appearing in their mind SUBTYPES Disorganized – confused behavior, incoherent speech, vivid/frequent hallucinations, delusions Nonsensical talk, inappropriate behavior, neglect hygiene, probs. Relating to others Paranoid – characterized by delusional thinking & frequent auditory hallucinations Most common subtype Grandeur, persecution, jealousy Catatonic – bizarre mvmt, posture, or facial expressions Motionless or hold unusual, fixed postures for extended periods of time don’t respond to environ. during ‘episodes’ (mute) PERSONALITY DISORDERS Life-long patterns that are disturbing/ unsatisfying Self-defeating personality patterns Maladaptive or inflexible ways to dealing w/ others & environs SYMPTOMS 1) unable to est. & keep meaningful relationships 2) unable to assume social responsibilities 3) unable to adapt to social environ. ANXIOUS-FEARFUL DEPENDENT Helplessness; can’t make own decisions Excessive need to be taken care of Submissive & clingy behavior AVOIDANT avoid all social interaction for fear of being ridiculed, humiliated, or disliked; feel sense of alienation; oversensitive to criticism DRAMATIC-ERRATIC HISTRIONIC Excessively displays emotion & seeks attn. NARCISSISTIC Arrogantly overestimate abilities & achievements; entitled to special treatment BORDERLINE Lack of stability in relationships; selfesteem; emotional outburst; impulsive; suicidal threats; fear of abandonment; most common ANTI-SOCIAL Most serious when it comes to public safety Persistent disregard for & violation of other’s rights People & objects = tools for gratification Impulsive; no shame, guilt, anxiety, or remorse Get away w/destructive behavior; arrogant ‘con’ Well-liked, intelligent, entertaining, manipulative, fake emotions Genetics & lack of/inconsistent discipline ODD-ECCENTRIC SCHIZOID No interest in being social; emot. ‘cold’ PARANOID Distrusts others; everyone has evil motives SCHIZOTYPAL Feels intense discomfort in relationships; delusions, ‘magical’ behavior/thinking… odd & disorganized thinking patterns Wants to be social! MOOD DISORDERS Severe or persistent disturbances of mood limit ability to function effectively & interact w/ others helplessness to change it BIPOLAR DISORDERS alternate btw moods of mania & depression Excessive/inappropriate happy or unhappy period of ‘normalcy’ in btw (?) Manic episode Euphoria, confusion, distracted, racing thoughts, exaggerated self-esteem & invulnerability, high E, restlessness Reckless behavior, talkative, flight of ideas, delusions, risky behavior Depressive episode feelings of failure, worthlessness, hopelessness, paranoia, sinfulness, & despair 3% of U.S. adults Genetics (?) DEPRESSION Adjustment Disorder Child SAD Post- partum MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Persistent period of downcast mood Symptoms – inability to concentrate, changes in sleep /appetite, lethargy, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, loss of interest in pleasure activities, apathy, suicidal thoughts, inability to adjust, internalizing failures, anxiety Most common mood disorder 10% – 25% of women 5% – 12% of men Completed suicide occurs w/ 15% of ppl w/ severe MDD 2/3 episodes end w/ complete recovery Silent suffering! SUICIDE NOT A DISORDER! Not all people who commit suicide are depressed Why? Escape from pain end the torment of unacceptable feelings punish themselves or others Age most common w/ older adults & teens 3rd leading cause of death for ppl 15-24 Threats & attempts are serious don’t want to die 90% have a psych. disorder 70% that succeed have threatened w/in last 3 mnths SELF-INJURY NOT A DISORDER! regulate strong emotions (baseline) distraction Compensate for lack of control express things that can’t be put into words Manipulate other ppl Delusion (prevent something worse from happening) History of abuse tending to wounds = care & soothing never learned how to in a direct way EATING DISORDERS Unhealthy eating patterns Preoccupation w/ body-image (distorted) depression, anxiety, mood swings, irritability ANOREXIA NERVOSA Self-starvation refuse to maintain a healthy body weight intense fear of gaining weight Unrealistic perception of the shape/size of body Serious medical complications Problems w/ restrain & control BULIMIA NERVOSA Episodes of binge eating are followed by purging the food from the body Private: Vomit, laxative, exercise, dieting, fasting keep healthy body weight Obsessed w/ weight; constant self-evaluation; distorted body image PICA persistent & compulsive cravings to eat nonfood items. Feces, dirt, soap, cigarettes, paper, cotton Most common in childhood (20%-30%) pregnant women nutritional deficiencies; neglect; food deprivation; dev. disabilities