Download ABNORMAL PSYCH

Rate on a scale 1  5
 1 = most abnormal…. 5 = least abnormal
 A. Woman exercises 3 times a day
 B. Man stands in street & directs traffic away
from demons
 C. PMS
 D. 1st cousins fall in love
 E. woman cooks baby & feeds it to husband
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
ANXIETY DISORDERS
SOMATOFORM
DISSOCIATIVE
MOOD
PERSONALITY
SCHIZOPHRENIA
WHAT IS ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR?
WHAT’S ‘ABNORMAL’?
1) UNUSUALNESS
2) SOCIAL DEVIANCE (situational)
3) EMOTIONAL DISTRESS
4) MALADAPTIVE
5) DANGEROUS
6) FAULTY PERCEPTIONS or
INTERPRETATIONS OF REALITY
(hallucinations &/or delusions)
WHAT ARE PSYCH. DISORDERS?
 Behavior, thoughts, & emotions must be:
 1) personal distress
 2) impaired functioning
 3) prolonged
 Involve disturbances in
 Behavior -- Perceptions
 Thinking -- Emotions
 PREVALENCE
 50% of U.S.
adults will
develop
 30% of U.S.
adults currently
suffering
CULTURAL BASES
 Must take cultural context into acct when
making judgments about abnormal
behavior!
 Abnormal behavior patterns can be
expressed in diff’t ways in diff’t cultures
 ex. depression China vs. depression U.S.
 Culture-bound syndromes: psych.
disorders found in only 1 or a few cultures
 ex. Dhat Syndrome
CAUSES OF PSYCH DISORDERS
 MODEL
 Way of explaining abnormal behavior
patterns or mental disorders
 BIOLOGICAL
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
 SOCIOCULTURAL
 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
DSM IV
 Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (4th ed.) of the APA
Objective & consistent way to diagnose
Classifies psych. disorders into
categories
 distinctive features or symptoms
Discover connections among disorders
ppl can experience symptoms from
several disorders
All known disorders
usually fit into a
diagnostic
category
 Major grouping
INFLUENCES OF RECEIVING A DSM
‘LABEL’
NEGATIVE
 Reduce sense of
responsibility
 Affects how
other ppl treat
or think about
them
 Self-fulfilling
prophecy
POSITIVE
 Links ppl to
resources
 live a better life
 Not the only one
suffering
 Can treat it
ANXIETY DISORDERS
•Conditions in
which fear,
caution, worry,
nervousness
becomes very
intense and
long-lasting
Most common type of mental disorders
Life consumed by inappropriate fears
Difficulty forming stable & satisfying
relationships
Self-defeating & ineffective prob. solving
Expressed in constant worrying, mood
swings, physical symptoms (sweating,
headaches, etc)
Avoid dealing w/ probs.
Sense of personal inadequacy
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
 Free floating anxiety
 Can’t explain
 Shakiness, fidgeting, inability to relax
 Can’t deal w/ relationships &
responsibilities b/c preoccupied w/ worry
PHOBIC DISORDERS
Severe anxiety is focused
Specific phobias – narrow focus on 1 thing
Social phobias – fear of embarrassment/
judgment in a social setting
 Eating in public, mtg. strangers, etc.
Agoraphobia
 Extreme fear of going into a public place
PANIC DISORDER
Sudden episodes of panic attacks
Panic
overwhelming feeling of helplessness,
terror, doom
Symptoms
 sense of smothering, chocking, shortness
of breath, dizziness, chest pains, nausea,
pounding of heart, fear of losing control
constant fear of having a panic attack
OCD
Obsession – nagging, intrusive thoughts
Compulsion – repetitive behavior(s) or
rituals to deal w/ obsessive thoughts
Why dev? Serve as distractions from real
fears
ppl w/ OCD realize thoughts/actions are
irrational but feel helpless to stop it
Trichtolillomania
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
 Real or imagined
physical
symptoms
 no physical
cause
 Cause rooted in
psych. probs
CONVERSION DISORDER
REAL change or loss of a physical function
emotional difficulties  voluntary body
function
speech, movement, feeling/sensation,
sight
Calmness & lack of concern
HYPOCHONDRIASIS
Person whose in good health becomes
preoccupied w/ imaginary ailments
Excessive concern that physical complaints
are signs of an underlying serious illness;
look for signs
Look for ‘signs’; misinterpret minor probs
Cont. to believe a disease/malfunction
exists even when medical exams are always
negative!
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Alterations or
loss in memory,
identity, or
consciousness
Separate
themselves from
stressful events
by selectively
forgetting them
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
 2 or more distinct identities exist w/in the
same person (original ‘shatters’)
 Each has memories, & own patterns of
thinking &
behaving
 Each has
characteristics
of original identity
 Result of individual’s effort to escape from a
part of the self or reality
 usually suffered from severe abuse
 Secret ‘self’ emerges in form of separate
identity(s)
 Don’t know about each other
 Women average 15; men average 8
SCHIZOPHRENIA
 Severe &
chronic
disturbance
s in
thinking,
perception,
emotions, &
behavior
 Psychotic disorder
 confuses reality vs. fantasy (?)
 Hallucinations & delusions
 Exhibit bizarre behavior, incoherent speech,
& illogical thinking
 mental processes aren’t integrated
 Ex. thoughts & feelings
 1/100 people in world
 No ‘cure’… but effective treatments
 50% do not respond to treatment
 Tends to dev. in adolescence or early
adulthood
 Causes: genetic tendencies; biochemical
imbalances in the brain (esp. dopamine);
abnormal structure & function of the brain
(pruning?); stressful life experiences
 SYMPTOMS
 1) Abnormal perceptions
 Hallucinations
 Detachment
 outside looking in @ environs
 Emotional expressions are exaggerated or
inappropriate
 2) Disorganized thoughts
 absence of logical connections btw thoughts
 Inappropriate or chaotic associations
 ‘word
salad’ – very chaotic patterns
 Dear Sirs: Pertaining to our continuing failure to prosecute
violations of minor’s rights to sovereign equality which are
occurring in gestations being compromised by the ingestation of
controlled substances… the skewing of androgyny which
continues in female juveniles even after separation from their
mother’s has occurred, and as a means of promulflagitating my
paying Governor Hickel of Alaska fro my employees to have
persona services endorsements and controlled substance
endorsements, … the Iraqi oil being released by the United
Nations being identified as Kurdistanian oil, and the July 1991
issue of the Siberian Review spells Eltsin’s name without a letter y.
 3) Disturbed thoughts
 Persecution
 someone/thing
plotting
against them
 Grandeur
 inflated worth or power
 Thought broadcasting
 thoughts can be heard by others
 Thought stealing or insertion
 others are preventing or ‘stealing’ their
thoughts; other ppl’s thoughts are appearing
in their mind
SUBTYPES
Disorganized –
confused behavior,
incoherent speech,
vivid/frequent
hallucinations,
delusions
 Nonsensical talk,
inappropriate
behavior, neglect
hygiene, probs.
Relating to others
Paranoid – characterized by delusional
thinking & frequent auditory hallucinations
 Most common subtype
 Grandeur, persecution, jealousy
 Catatonic – bizarre
mvmt, posture, or
facial expressions
 Motionless or hold
unusual, fixed
postures for
extended periods of
time
 don’t respond to
environ. during
‘episodes’ (mute)
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Life-long
patterns that
are
disturbing/
unsatisfying
 Self-defeating personality patterns
 Maladaptive or inflexible ways to dealing
w/ others & environs
 SYMPTOMS
 1) unable to est. & keep meaningful
relationships
 2) unable to assume social responsibilities
 3) unable to adapt to social environ.
ANXIOUS-FEARFUL
 DEPENDENT
 Helplessness; can’t make own decisions
 Excessive need to be taken care of
 Submissive & clingy behavior
 AVOIDANT
 avoid all social interaction for fear of
being ridiculed, humiliated, or disliked;
feel sense of alienation; oversensitive to
criticism
DRAMATIC-ERRATIC
 HISTRIONIC
 Excessively displays emotion & seeks attn.
 NARCISSISTIC
 Arrogantly overestimate abilities &
achievements; entitled to special treatment
 BORDERLINE
 Lack of stability in relationships; selfesteem; emotional outburst; impulsive;
suicidal threats; fear of abandonment; most
common
 ANTI-SOCIAL
 Most serious when it comes to public
safety
 Persistent disregard for & violation of
other’s rights
 People & objects = tools for gratification
 Impulsive; no shame, guilt, anxiety, or
remorse
 Get away w/destructive behavior; arrogant
‘con’
 Well-liked, intelligent, entertaining,
manipulative, fake emotions
 Genetics & lack of/inconsistent discipline
ODD-ECCENTRIC
SCHIZOID
No interest in being social; emot. ‘cold’
PARANOID
Distrusts others; everyone has evil
motives
SCHIZOTYPAL
Feels intense discomfort in relationships;
delusions, ‘magical’ behavior/thinking…
odd & disorganized thinking patterns
 Wants
to be social!
MOOD DISORDERS
Severe or
persistent
disturbances of
mood
limit ability to
function
effectively &
interact w/
others
helplessness to
change it
BIPOLAR DISORDERS
 alternate btw moods of mania & depression
 Excessive/inappropriate happy or unhappy
 period of ‘normalcy’ in btw (?)
 Manic episode
 Euphoria, confusion, distracted, racing
thoughts, exaggerated self-esteem &
invulnerability, high E, restlessness
 Reckless behavior, talkative, flight of
ideas, delusions, risky behavior
 Depressive
episode
 feelings of
failure,
worthlessness,
hopelessness,
paranoia,
sinfulness, &
despair
 3% of U.S. adults
 Genetics (?)
DEPRESSION
Adjustment Disorder
Child
SAD
Post-
partum
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Persistent period of downcast mood
Symptoms – inability to concentrate,
changes in sleep /appetite, lethargy,
fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt,
loss of interest in pleasure activities,
apathy, suicidal thoughts, inability to
adjust, internalizing failures, anxiety
Most common mood disorder
 10%
– 25% of women
 5% – 12% of men
Completed suicide occurs w/ 15% of ppl w/
severe MDD
2/3 episodes end w/ complete recovery
Silent suffering!
SUICIDE
 NOT A DISORDER!
 Not all people who
commit suicide are
depressed
 Why?
 Escape from pain
 end the torment of
unacceptable feelings
 punish themselves or
others
 Age
 most common w/ older adults & teens
 3rd leading cause of death for ppl 15-24
 Threats & attempts are serious
 don’t want to die
 90% have a psych.
disorder
 70% that succeed
have threatened
w/in last
3 mnths
SELF-INJURY
 NOT A DISORDER!
 regulate strong emotions
(baseline)
 distraction
 Compensate for lack of
control
 express things that can’t
be put into words
 Manipulate other ppl
 Delusion (prevent something worse from
happening)
 History of abuse
 tending to wounds = care & soothing
 never learned how to in a direct way
EATING DISORDERS
 Unhealthy
eating patterns
 Preoccupation
w/ body-image
(distorted)
 depression,
anxiety, mood
swings,
irritability
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
 Self-starvation
 refuse to maintain a healthy body weight
 intense fear of gaining weight
 Unrealistic perception of the shape/size of
body
 Serious medical
complications
 Problems w/
restrain
& control
BULIMIA NERVOSA
 Episodes of binge eating are followed by
purging the food from the body
 Private: Vomit, laxative,
exercise, dieting, fasting
 keep healthy
body weight
 Obsessed w/ weight;
constant self-evaluation;
distorted body image
PICA
 persistent & compulsive cravings to eat
nonfood items.
 Feces, dirt, soap, cigarettes, paper, cotton
 Most common in
 childhood (20%-30%)
 pregnant women
 nutritional deficiencies;
neglect; food deprivation;
dev. disabilities