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Psychological
Disorders
What is a
Psychological
Disorder?
• Psychological Disorders
are “harmful
dysfunctions” in which
behavior is judged to be
atypical, disturbing,
maladaptive, and
unjustifiable
•Atypical is
abnormal – being
different from most
other people in
one’s culture
• Disturbing means that a
behavior goes against the
standards of acceptable
behavior, is unnerving,
grotesque, or otherwise
disruptive to a generally
acceptable level of
comfort.
• Maladaptiveness is the
key to defining a disorder
– the behaviors must be
distressing or disabling or
put one at a greatly
increased risk of suffering
or death
•Unjustifiable
means irrational,
or that a behavior
lacks any mental
clarity or reason
What is the nature of
Psychological
Disorders and their
causes?
• Biological Model (Medical
Model) – Abnormal behaviors
are caused by physiological
malfunctions – IE. a failure of
the central nervous system,
an improperly working
endocrine system, an
abnormal flow of a specific
hormone, genetic factors,
brain damage
• Psychoanalytical Model –
Abnormal behaviors are symbolic
expressions of unconscious,
internal conflicts, often associated
with early childhood – IE. A fear of
open water due to almost drowning
as a child, obsessions with women
who remind you of the mother who
abandoned you, serial violence
against homosexuals based on
your own internal orientation
conflicts
• Behavioral Model – Abnormal
behavior is the result of learned
behavior – IE. you are a
psychopathic killer because
you watched violent
programming on tv….you
obsessively clean the house
because Mom obsessively
cleaned the house
• Diathesis-Stress Model (BioPsycho-Social Perspective)
– Abnormal behavior is
caused when prone
individuals who otherwise
may not exhibit symptoms
are put into stressful
situations and then exhibit
symptoms
• IE. Your repressed fear of
spiders doesn’t affect you until
you are lost in a cave and
stumble into a huge nest of
spiders…you are naturally a
calm person, but then your
house burns down, your ID is
stolen online, and your bank
accounts are emptied, thus you
“snap”
Classifying
Psychological
Disorders
• There are 17
categories of
Psychological
Disorders, as specified
in the DSM-IV – the
American Psychiatric
Association’s
“Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders”
Insanity
• This is a LEGAL
definition only,
whereas a
person is unable
to determine
between right &
wrong or
understand
consequences
due to metal
illness
Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders are
any disorders
characterized by an
intensely distressing,
persistent stress, or
maladaptive behaviors
that reduce stress
Anxiety Overview
Anxiety Disorders are…
• Irrational (exaggerated or non
existent threats, response is
out of proportion)
• Uncontrollable (can not be
“turned off, even if the person
wants to)
• Disruptive (interferes with life)
• Generalized Anxiety
Disorder – a person is
continually tense,
apprehensive, and in a
state of autonomic
system arousal
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dizziness
Sweaty Palms
Heart Palpitations
Ringing in the Ears
Edgy and Shaky
Unfocused and Out-of-Control
Negative Feelings
• Worried constantly about bad
things that may happen
• Twitchiness and/or trembling
•Panic Disorder
sufferers have acute
episodes of intense
anxiety without any
apparent
provocation
• Obsessive-Control
Disorder is
characterized by
unwanted repetitive
thoughts (obsessions)
or actions
(compulsions)
– Checking to see if a door is
locked is normal. Doing it 30
times or “I will die” is not.
Washing your hands is normal.
Washing them until your hands
are raw so that “all of the germs
are gone” is not.
• Living with an Anxiety Disorder
• Phobias are marked by
persistent, irrational fears
and avoidance of a
specific object or
situation
–Some phobias are so
intense that they are
incapacitating
Common and Uncommon Fears
100
Percentage 90
of people 80
surveyed 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Snakes
Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs
in high,
on an closed in, and
and
alone
exposed
airplane in a
insects lightning In a
places
small
house
place
at night
Afraid of it
Bothers slightly
Not at all afraid of it
Driving Being
Cats
a car
In a
crowd
of people
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
usually involves flashbacks or
nightmares following a person’s
involvement in or observation of
an extremely troubling event,
such as a war or a natural
disaster
Dissociative
Disorders
• Dissociative disorders
involve disturbances in a
person’s consciousness,
memories, identity, and
perception of the
environment
• Dissociative
Identity Disorder, in
which a person has
two or more
distinct
personalities that
alternate in their
control of the
person’s behavior
• Amnesia, loss or impairment of
memory. Amnesia is usually
associated with some form of
brain damage, but it may also
be caused by severe
psychological trauma.
Amnesia with a physical cause
is called organic amnesia,
whereas amnesia of
psychological origin is called
functional amnesia
• Three Faces of Eve - Dissociative Identity
Disorder
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
Eating
Disorders
• Eating disorders are
conditions in which an
individual experiences
severe disturbances in
eating behaviors
• Anorexia nervosa
is essentially a
form of selfstarvation in order
to lose weight,
while bulimics don’t
necessarily lose as
much of their body
weight due to their
binge-and-purge
behaviors.
• Anorexia
• Bulimia
Impulse-Control Disorders
• Impulse control disorders involve the
loss or lack of control in certain
specific situations. The hallmark of
these disorders is the individual's
inability to stop impulses that may
cause harm to themselves or others.
Affected individuals often feel anxiety
or tension in considering these
behaviors. This anxiety or tension is
relieved or diminished once the action
is performed.
• Kleptomania – compulsive
stealing
• Pyromania – setting fires
• Trichotillomania – compulsive
hair pulling
• Dermatillomania – compulsive
skin picking
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder
– aggressive outbursts
• Trichotillomania
Mood
Disorders
Mood Disorders
•Mood disorders, also
called affective
disorders, create
disturbances in a
person’s emotional life
• Symptoms of major depression
may include feelings of sadness,
hopelessness, and
worthlessness, as well as
complaints of physical pain and
changes in appetite, sleep
patterns, and energy level. The
length of time of the depression is
a key also.
What is Depression?
• In mania, an individual
has an abnormally
elevated mood, often
marked by exaggerated
self-importance,
irritability, agitation, and
decreased sleep
Bipolar Overview
• In bipolar disorder, also
called manic-depressive
illness, a person’s mood
alternates between
extremes of mania and
depression
Personality
Disorders
• Personality disorders are wellestablished, maladaptive ways of
behaving that negatively affect a
person’s ability to function in society.
• An “enduring pattern of inner
experience and behavior that
deviates markedly from the
expectations of the culture of the
individual who exhibits it". These
patterns are inflexible and pervasive
across many situations
• People with narcissistic
personality disorder have a
grandiose sense of selfimportance. They seek excessive
admiration from others and
fantasize about unlimited success
or power. They believe they are
special, unique, or superior to
others.
• Paranoid personality disorder is
characterized by irrational
suspicions and mistrust of others.
• Avoidant personality disorder is
characterized by social
inhibitions, feelings of inadequacy,
extreme sensitivity to negative
evaluation, and exaggerated
emotions.
• People with antisocial personality disorder
act in a way that disregards the feelings
and rights of other people. Antisocial
personalities often break the law, and they
may use or exploit other people for their
own gain. They may lie repeatedly, act
impulsively, and get into physical fights.
They may even kill other people. People
with this disorder are also sometimes
called sociopaths or psychopaths.
Manson Interview
Schizophrenia and
Other Psychotic
Disorders
• Schizophrenia Overview
• Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe,
and disabling brain disease
• People with schizophrenia often suffer
terrifying symptoms such as
– hearing internal voices not heard by
others
– believing that other people are reading
their minds, controlling their thoughts, or
plotting to harm them.
– speech and behavior can be so
disorganized that they may be
incomprehensible or frightening to
others.
Causes of Schizophrenia?
• It has long been known that
schizophrenia runs in families. A
child whose parent has
schizophrenia has about a 10
percent chance. By comparison,
the risk of schizophrenia in the
general population is about 1
percent. The strongest evidence to
date leads to chromosomes 13
and 6 but remains unconfirmed.
Causes of Schizophrenia?
• It is likely, although not yet
certain, that the disorder is
associated with some imbalance
of the complex, interrelated
chemical systems of the brain,
involving the presence of
excessive amounts of the
neurotransmitters dopamine and
glutamate
Causes of Schizophrenia?
• Many studies of people with
schizophrenia have found
abnormalities in brain structure.
Schizophrenia may be a
developmental disorder resulting
when neurons form inappropriate
connections during fetal development.
These errors may lie dormant until
puberty, when changes in the brain
that occur normally during this critical
stage of maturation interact adversely
with the faulty connections.
• Hallucinations
–perceptions that occur without
connection to an appropriate source;
hearing voices that other people do
not hear is the most common type of
hallucination in schizophrenia
–Voices may describe the patients
activities, carry on a conversation,
warn of impending dangers, or even
issue orders to the individual.
• Delusions —false personal beliefs
that are not subject to reason or
contradictory evidence
– patients suffering from paranoid-type
symptoms often have delusions of
persecution, or false and irrational
beliefs that they are being cheated,
harassed, poisoned, or conspired
against.
– In addition, delusions of grandeur, in
which a person may believe he or she is
a famous or important figure, may occur
in schizophrenia
• Disorganized Thinking
– Schizophrenia often affects a persons ability
to think straight. Thoughts may come and go
rapidly; the person may not be able to
concentrate on one thought for very long and
may be easily distracted, unable to focus
attention.
– People with schizophrenia may not be able to
sort out what is relevant and what is not
relevant to a situation. The person may be
unable to connect thoughts into logical
sequences, with thoughts becoming
disorganized and fragmented.
• Inappropriate Effect
–expressing improper emotions,
related to the environmental context
they are presented in, or
–a person with schizophrenia may
not show the signs of normal
emotion, perhaps may speak in a
monotonous voice, have diminished
facial expressions, and appear
extremely apathetic
• Schizophrenia Part 1 - ABC 20/20
coverage
• Schizophrenia Part 2 - ABC 20/20
coverage
Sleep
Disorders
Sleep Disorders Overview
•Sleep Disorders affect
sleep. They may
include Insomnia (lack
of sleep), apnea (stop
breathing), and
narcolepsy (always
tired, sleep)
• Sleep Disorders Overview
• Living with Sleep Apnea
• Waking Up from Narcolepsy
Sexual
Disorders
Sexual Disorders
• Sexual dysfunctions are problems
with sexual response that cause
distress. Erectile dysfunction
(impotence) refers to the inability of a
man to have or maintain an erection.
Premature ejaculation occurs when a
man is not able to postpone or control
his ejaculation. Inhibited male
orgasm, or retarded ejaculation,
occurs when a man cannot have an
orgasm despite being highly aroused.
• Female orgasmic dysfunction
(anorgasmia, or inhibited
female orgasm) refers to the
inability of a woman to have an
orgasm. Vaginismus refers to a
spastic contraction of the outer
third of the vagina, a condition
that can close the entrance of
the vagina, preventing
intercourse.
PARAPHILIAS INCLUDE
FANTASIES, BEHAVIORS,
OR SEXUAL URGES
FOCUSING ON UNUSUAL
OBJECTS, ACTIVITIES, OR
SITUATIONS
TYPES OF
PARAPHILIAS
EXHIBITIONISM
• SEXUALLY EXPOSING ONESELF
(GENITALS) TO OTHERS
FETISHISM
• SEXUAL URGES AND BEHAVIORS
ASSOCIATED WITH NON-LIVING
OBJECTS
Specific Fetishes
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Agriozoophilia – wild animals
Alektorophilia – chickens
Anthophilia – flowers
Autodysomophilia – bad smells
Bibliophilia – books
Chaetophilia – hair
Coimetrophilia – cemeteries
Coprophilia – feces
Specific Fetishes
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Daimonophilia – ghosts
Didaskaleinophilia – school
Dontophilia – teeth
Ecclesiophilia – church
Emetophilia – vomit
Epistaxiophilia – nosebleeds
Geniophilia – chins
Gerontophilia – old people
Heliophilia – sun
Specific Fetishes
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Hoplophilia – guns
Ichthyophilia – fish
Lachanophilia – vegetables
Leprophilia – leprosy
Lutraphilia – otters
Melophilia – music
Necrophilia – dead
Nephophilia – clouds
Specific Fetishes
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Nosophilia – terminal illness
Ombrophilia – rain
Ophidiophilia – snakes
Peladophilia – baldness
Pogophilia – beards
Thassophilia – sitting
Urophilia – urine
FROTTEURISM
• SEXUAL URGES ARE FOCUSED ON OR
RELATED TO TOUCHING OR RUBBING
AGAINST UN-SUSPECTING, NONCONSENTING, AND UNFAMILIAR
PEOPLE OF THE OPPOSITE SEX
MASOCHISM
• SEXUAL PLEASURE DERIVED FROM
BEING HURT OR HUMILIATED
VERBALLY AND/OR PHYSICALLY
SADISM
• SEXUAL PLEASURE DERIVED FROM
MISTREATING OTHERS
TRANSVESTITISM
• CROSS-DRESSING
VOYEURISM
• SEXUAL PLEASURE IS DERIVED FROM
SECRETLY OBSERVING OTHERS
Somatoform
Disorders
• Somatoform Disorders are
characterized by the presence
of physical symptoms that
cannot be explained by a
medical condition or another
mental illness
• Somatoform disorder is characterized by
physical symptoms that mimic disease or
injury for which there is no identifiable
physical cause for physical symptoms
such as pain, nausea, depression, and
dizziness.
• Somatoform disorder is a condition in
which the physical pain and symptoms a
person feels are related to psychological
factors. These symptoms can not be
traced to a specific physical cause.
• Their symptoms are similar to the
symptoms of other illnesses and may last
for several years. People who have
somatoform disorder are not faking their
symptoms. The pain that they feel is real.
• Hypochondriasis refers to an excessive
preoccupation or worry about having a
serious illness. Often, hypochondria
persists even after a physician has
evaluated a person and reassured them
that their concerns about symptoms do not
have an underlying medical basis or, if
there is a medical illness, the concerns are
far in excess of what is appropriate for the
level of disease.
• Hypochondria is often characterized by
fears that minor bodily symptoms may
indicate a serious illness, constant selfexamination and self-diagnosis, and a
preoccupation with one's body.
• With Conversion Disorder, patients
present with neurological symptoms
or deficits that affect voluntary motor
or sensory function such as
numbness, paralysis, blindness, etc..
It is thought that these problems arise
in response to difficulties in the
patient's life.
• The diagnosis of conversion disorder
involves three elements - the
exclusion of neurological disease, the
exclusion of feigning, and the
determination of a psychological
mechanism
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a
preoccupation with an imagined or
minor defect in appearance which
causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning.
• The disorder generally is diagnosed in
those who are extremely critical of their
physique or self-image even though
there may be no noticeable
disfigurement or defect, or a minor
defect which is not recognized by most
people. Too Ugly To Live - Part 1
Substance-Related
Disorders
Substance Abuse Disorders
•Substance-related
disorders result from
the abuse of drugs,
side effects of
medications, or
exposure to toxic
substances
Adjustment Disorders
• Adjustment disorders are defined as a
inability or maladaptive reaction to an
identifiable stressful life event/
stressor. ( e.g., divorce, family
crises). Symptoms must occur within
three months of the event/stressor
and persisted for no longer than six
months. Usually includes depression,
withdrawal, or a rebellion against
society, family, or the law.
Cognitive
Disorders
•Cognitive disorders,
such as delirium and
dementia, involve a
significant loss of
mental functioning
• Dementia, for example, is
characterized by impaired memory
and difficulties in such functions as
speaking, abstract thinking, and the
ability to identify familiar objects. The
conditions in this category usually
result from a medical condition,
substance abuse, or adverse
reactions to medication or poisonous
substances
Disorders usually first
diagnosed in Infancy,
Childhood, or
Adolescence
• Childhood Disorders
are those disorders
that are generally
diagnosed in children
through the age of 18
• Autism is most commonly
characterized by non-normal
social attachments, withdrawal,
echolalia (repeat word
patterns), strange motor
behaviors, and those affected
are often mentally retarded
Factitious
Disorders
• People with factitious disorders
intentionally produce or fake
physical or psychological
symptoms in order to receive
medical attention and care. For
example, an individual might
falsely report shortness of breath
to gain admittance to a hospital,
report thoughts of suicide to solicit
attention, or fabricate blood in the
urine or the symptoms of rash so
as to appear ill
Mental Disorders
Due to a
General Medical
Condition
• The general mental disorders are
diagnosed when there is evidence
they are caused by the specified
medical conditions
–IE. A coma caused by a bad food
reaction, a change in personality or
mood due to a hormonal change in
the body
Other
Conditions
• “Other’s” are not mental
disorders, but one of the
individuals involved may have
a mental disorder that is not
itself the focus of, and may or
may not be related to the
clinical attention