Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Body Systems Allied Health Science I Melissa Lewis Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy: studies the shape & structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another Physiology: studies function of each body part and how the functions of the body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism Subdivisions of Anatomy: Gross anatomy: study of large & easily observable structures on organism Microscopic anatomy: gross anatomy at the cellular level using a microscope Cytology-study of cells Histology-study of tissues/organs Developmental anatomy: studies growth & development during lifetime Embryology-studies formation of organism from egg to birth Subdivisions of Anatomy: Comparative anatomy: studies man and other animals and comparisons are made (similarities and differences) Systemic anatomy: studies structure and function of various organs or parts making up an organ system Dermatology-study of integumentary sytem (skin, hair, and nails) Neurology-study of nervous system Direction/Position: ***Anatomical Position – human standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms forward*** Anterior/ventral: front or in front of Posterior/dorsal: back or in back of Cranial: head end of the body Caudal: tail end of the body Direction/Position: Superior: upper or above Inferior: lower or below Medial: toward the midline of body Lateral: away or towards side of body Proximal: toward point of attachment Distal: away from point of attachment (farthest from trunk) Direction/Position: Superficial/external: implies on or near surface of body (ex.superficial wound) Deep/internal: implies injury to inner organs such as stomach, liver, etc. Planes & Sections: Planes: imaginary dividing lines that are useful in separating body structures Section: cut made through body in the direction of a certain plane ***Sagittal plane: divides body into right and left parts ***Coronal (frontal) plane: vertical cut at right angles to sagittal plane. Divides body into anterior & posterior (front & back) ***Transverse: horizontal cut that divides body into upper and lower parts Cavities Organs which make up most of the body systems are organized into 2 cavities and 4 sub-cavities Dorsal/posterior cavity (Cranial & spinal sub-cavities) Cranial cavity houses brain Spinal cavity houses spinal cord Anterior/ventral cavity (Thoracic & abdominopelvic sub-cavities) The diaphragm divides ventral cavity into upper thoracic and lower abdominopelvic Thoracic Cavity Central area is mediastinum ***Esophagus, bronchi, lungs, trachea, thymus gland and heart located in this cavity Heart is also in pericardial cavity This cavity is broken into right and left pleural (lung) cavities Lungs are lined by a membrane called pleura Abdominopelvic Cavity ***Abdominal cavity contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of large intestine ***Pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, the rest of the large intestines, and appendix See handouts for diagrams here Order from Simple to Complex Cells Tissues-special cells grouped according to function, shape, size, & structure Organs Organ systems Whole Ex. Digestive system made up of teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine Body Processes 1. Metabolism: functional activities of cells that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, & secretions A. Anabolism: building up of complex materials from simpler ones B. Catabolism: breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones 2. Homeostasis: maintenance of human body functions (a state of balance) Types of Tissues 1. Epithelial-protects body by covering internal/external surfaces. They produce secretions (digestive juices). Shape=columnar, cubical, platelike They fit smoothly together 2. Connective-supports and connects 3. Muscle-can contract and move body Shape=long and spindle-like 4. Nervous-contains cells that react to stimuli & conduct impulses Membranes Membrane: two layers of tissue put together Epithelial Connective Epithelial Membranes Epithelial membranes are classified as mucous or serous depending on the type of secretions that they produce Mucous Serous Mucous vs. Serous Mucous membranes line surfaces that lead to the outside of the body Ex. Respiratory system, digestive system Mucous that is produced protects the lining Serous Membranes: double-walled and produce a watery fluid and lines closed body cavities Outer wall of membrane = parietal serous membrane Ex. Pleural membrane, pericardial membrane, peritoneal membrane Process of Epithelial Tissue Repair 2 types of repair Primary Secondary Primary: takes place in clean wounds (cut/incision with no infection) The new cells grow and push themselves up toward the surface of skin and healing occurs quickly Primary Repair cont… If large area of skin involved, fluid will leak from broken capillaries This fluid dries and seals off the wound (scab forms) New cells will grow and cover area Skin graft may be necessary if area is very large Primary Repair of Deep Tissues When there is damage to deep tissues, the edges of wound must be brought together with sutures (stitches) Secondary Repair A process called granulation occurs in a large open wound with small or large tissue loss The granulation process will form new vertically upstanding blood vessels These new blood vessels are surrounded by young connective tissue and misc. wandering cells Secondary Repair cont… Fluid is secreted during this process This fluid has very strong bactericidal properties (it kills bacteria) This reduces the risk of infection Scar tissue will form The amount of scar (cicatrix) depends on the amount of damage Nutrition Extremely important in wound healing Vitamins that help healing Vitamin A – repairs epithelial tissue Vitamin B (thiamine, nicotinic acid, riboflavin) – promotes appetite, metabolism, pain relief (general well-being Vitamin C – helps form and maintain collagen fibers and other connective substances Vitamin D – Needed for absorption of calcium from intestine, helps repair bone fractures Vitamin K – helps with blood coagulation (clotting) Vitamin E – helps with healing of tissues by acting as an antioxidant protector THE END!!!