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8/26/2012 Introduction The Human Body: An Orientation Anatomy Physiology • The study of the structure of the human body • Subdivisions • The study of body function • Subdivisions – organ systems – Gross or macroscopic • Regional anatomy • systemic anatomy – Microscopic • histology – embryology Levels of Body Organization • • • • • • Chemical Level Cellular Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level Organ Systems • Notes from the board Characteristics Common to All Vertebrates • vertebrae • Bilateral symmetry • Tube within a tube The Language of Anatomy 1 8/26/2012 Standard anatomical position (SAP) Regional terms — designates specific body areas • The standard position of reference for the description of anatomical structures ‐ “universal language” – – – – – standing erect Face forward Upper limbs at sides palms forward Feet forward Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Planes and Sections • Used to “visualize” internal structures • Plane – Coronal (frontal) plane – sagittal plane i l l – Transverse (cross‐section or horizontal) plane – Oblique plane Body Planes and Sections • Coronal plane – divides body into anterior and posterior parts • Sagittal plane – Divides body into R. & L. sides Di id b d i R & L id • Transverse plane – divides body into superior and inferior parts • Section Directional Terms • describe the position of body structures relative to another with precisions • Standardized terms of directions are paired terms – Anterior (ventral) posterior (dorsal) – superior (cephalic) inferior (caudal) – medial lateral – proximal distal – Deep (internal) superficial (external) Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity • Ventral body cavity (coelom) – Thoracic cavity • Right/Left pleural cavities Ri ht/L ft l l iti • pericardial cavity • Mediastinum – Abdominopelvic cavity • Peritoneal cavity 2 8/26/2012 Serous cavities • 3 closed cavities • Serous membranes – Parietal serosa – Visceral serosa Vi l ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS AND REGIONS Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants • provide more precise regional descriptions • used in clinical discussions 3