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Warm - Up • Write short reflection on your thoughts about genetic engineering. • You will share this with the class. Warm - Up • Who was Darwin? Why is he such a big deal? • Why is he credited with developing the Theory of Evolution even though the idea of evolution was already around. Chapter 15 Evolution Charles Darwin • Charles Darwin – British naturalist – Developed the theory of evolution – Galapagos Islands Darwin’s Voyage Galapagos Islands Evolution • Evolution – the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time. • It is the process of change in the inherited characteristics within populations over generations such that new types of organisms develop from preexisting types. Evolution • Evolution involves a change in a population over time • Populations evolve • Individuals do not evolve Darwin’s Finches Ideas of Darwin’s Time • Catastrophism (Cuvier) • Uniformitarianism (Lyell) • Inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarck) Classwork • Read Page 373 – 377 • What ideas shaped Darwin’s thinking? (Write a few notes). • Who else had ideas that life on Earth has changed over time? • What was Lamarck’s idea? How do we know that this is not the correct mechanism by which evolution occurs? Darwin’s Ideas • Descent with modification • Natural selection Darwin’s Ideas • Descent with Modification – Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he argued that descent with modification occurs, that all species descended from common ancestors, and that natural selection is the mechanism for evolution. Darwin’s Ideas • Natural Selection – Organisms in a population adapt to their environment as the proportion of individuals with genes for favorable traits increases. • Adaptation – a trait that makes an individual successful to survive in its environment. – Those individuals that pass on more genes are considered to have greater fitness • Fitness – a measure of an individual’s hereditary contribution to the next generation (how many offspring are produced!) Natural Selection Natural Selection 1. 2. 3. 4. Overproduction Genetic Variation Struggle to survive Differential reproduction (fitness) Evidence of Evolution • Evidence of evolution can be found by comparing several kinds of data: – the fossil record – biogeography – anatomy and development – biological molecules The Fossil Record • The Age of Fossils – Geologic evidence supports theories about the age and development of Earth • The Distribution of Fossils – The fossil record shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time. • Transitional Species – Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification. Evidence of Whale Evolution Biogeography • Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world, provides evidence of descent with modification. Anatomy and Physiology • Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin. – Example: Human arm and bat wing • Analogous structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins. – Example: Butterfly wing and bat wing Anatomy and Physiology • A species with a vestigial structure probably shares ancestry with a species that has a functional form of the structure. – Examples: human appendix, whale pelvic bone • Related species show similarities in embryological development. Biological Molecules • Similarity in the subunit sequences of biological molecules such as RNA, DNA, and proteins indicates a common evolutionary history. Hemoglobin Comparison Developing the Theory of Evolution • Modern scientists integrate Darwin’s theory with other advances in biological knowledge. • Theories and hypotheses about evolution continue to be proposed and investigated. Evolutionary Relationships Between Whales and Hoofed Mammals Evolution in Action : Types of Evolution • Convergent evolution - organisms that are not closely related resemble each other because they have responded to similar environments. – Converge = to come together • Divergent evolution - related populations become less similar as they respond to different environments. – Diverge = to come apart Adaptive Radiation • Adaptive radiation is the divergent evolution of a single group of organisms in a new environment. • Example – Galapagos finch beaks Natural Selection of Anole Lizard Species Artificial Selection • The great variety of dog breeds is an example of artificial selection. Coevolution • Coevolution – two species evolving in response to one another – Example – population of poisonous lizards evolves a stronger poison over time. Populations of birds that prey on lizards evolve a stronger tolerance to poison. – Example – antibiotic resistance Self Quiz • What are three things that provide evidence of evolution? • What is the difference between convergent and divergent evolution? • What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures? • What is coevolution?