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Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Objectives • Define the biological process of evolution. • Summarize the history of scientific ideas about evolution. • Describe Charles Darwin’s contributions to scientific thinking about evolution. • Analyze the reasoning in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. • Relate the concepts of adaptation and fitness to the theory of natural selection. Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought The Idea of Evolution • Charles Darwin is one of the 1st people to study evolution of different species. He came up with one of the most important theories in Biology because of his studies. • Evolution is the process of change in the inherited characteristics within populations over generations such that new types of organisms develop from preexisting types. Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought The Idea of Evolution, continued • Ideas of Darwin’s Time – Scientific understanding of evolution began to develop in the 17th and 18th centuries as geologists and naturalists compared geologic processes and living and fossil organisms around the world. Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Darwin’s Ideas • 1859 – Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection – He had two main goals of writing this book: he wanted to present the large amount of evidence that evolution occurs and he wanted to explain the variety and distribution of organisms on Earth in terms of natural processes that are observable every day Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Darwin’s Ideas • His book pointed out many different ideas/issues, here are some of the most important ones: – Idea that species change slowly over time – Idea that some organisms reproduce at different rates than others – Idea that some species become better suited to their environment than others Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Darwin’s Voyage Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Darwin’s Ideas • Descent with Modification – Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he argued that descent with modification occurs, that all species descended from common ancestors, and that natural selection is the mechanism for evolution. Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Darwin’s Ideas, continued • Natural Selection – Organisms in a population adapt to their environment as the proportion of individuals with genes for favorable traits increases. – Those individuals that pass on more genes are considered to have greater fitness. – Fitness is the measure of an individual’s heredity contribution to the next generation Chapter 15 Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Natural Selection Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Objectives • Relate several inferences about the history of life that are supported by evidence from fossils and rocks. • Explain how biogeography provides evidence that species evolve adaptations to their environments. • Explain how the anatomy and development of organisms provide evidence of shared ancestry. • Compare the use of biological molecules with other types of analysis of evolutionary relationships. • Describe the ongoing development of evolutionary theory. Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record • A fossil is the remains of an organism that lived long ago • Evidence of evolution can be found by comparing several kinds of data, including the fossil record, biogeography, anatomy and development, and biological molecules. • Evolutionary theories are supported when several kinds of evidence support similar conclusions. Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record, continued • The Age of Fossils – Geologic evidence supports theories about the age and development of Earth. – 1669 – Danish scientist Nicolaus Steno proposed the idea of superposition – It states that if a rock strata at a location haven’t been disturbed the lowest stratum was formed before that strata above it Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record, continued • Absolute Age vs. Relative Age – Absolute age: getting exact age of rock layers or fossils by using techniques such as radiometric dating – Relative age: an age that is a comparison, by comparing fossils or rock layers » Mr. Kranzo is older than all of the students in this class » No age in years will be provided, just a comparison Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record, continued • The Distribution of Fossils – The fossil record shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time. Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record, continued • Transitional Species – Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification. • Ex. Evolutionary scientists have hypothesized that modern marine mammals, such as whales, evolved from early mammals in the fossil record that walked with four legs on land Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Evidence of Whale Evolution Figure 15-7 pg 304 These fossil skeletons show a sequence of transitional forms that support that whales came from four-legged land-dwelling mammals Fill in the descriptors from page 304 OYO Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Biogeography • Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world, provides evidence of descent with modification. Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Anatomy and Physiology • In organisms, analogous structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins. • Beak of a bird and beak of giant squid are an example, both beaks, but evolved independently of each other even though they are similar in function • Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin. Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Forelimbs of Vertebrates All of these would be considered homologous structures Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Anatomy and Physiology, continued • A species with a vestigial structure probably shares ancestry with a species that has a functional form of the structure. • Ex. human tailbone, human appendix, and pelvic bones of modern whales Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Anatomy and Physiology, continued • Related species show similarities in embryological development. • Look at Fig 15-9 pg 306 Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Biological Molecules • Similarity in the subunit sequences of biological molecules such as RNA, DNA, and proteins indicates a common evolutionary history. Chapter 15 Hemoglobin Comparison Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Developing Theory • Modern scientists integrate Darwin’s theory with other advances in biological knowledge. • Theories and hypotheses about evolution continue to be proposed and investigated. Chapter 15 Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Developing Theory • Not until the mid-1900s did scientists begin to integrate the theory of natural selection with new understandings of genetics. This blending has been called the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory (MSOET) • The MSOET predicts that: • Closely related species will show similarities in DNA sequences • If species have changed over time, their genes should have changed • Closely related species will show similarities in amino acid sequences Chapter 15 Section 3 Evolution in Action Objectives • Compare artificial selection and natural selection. • Explain how organisms can undergo coevolution. Chapter 15 Section 3 Evolution in Action Artificial Selection • The great variety of dog breeds is an example of artificial selection. • Artificial selection has been used by humans to speed up the process of divergent evolution Chapter 15 Section 3 Evolution in Action Artificial Selection cont. Saint Berdoodle St. Bernard / Poodle Hybrid Labradoodle Chug Labrador Retriever / Poodle Hybrid Chihuahua / Pug Hybrid Chapter 15 Section 3 Evolution in Action Coevolution • Coevolution is the process in which 2 or more species become more adapted over time to each other’s presence • Ex. Plants and their pollinators