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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
Chapter 15-1
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Section Outline
Section 15-1
15–1 The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
A. Voyage of the Beagle
B. Darwin’s Observations
1.Patterns of Diversity
2.Living Organisms and Fossils
3.The Galápagos Islands
C. The Journey Home
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Definitions
EVOLUTION:
change over time; the process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient
organisms
THEORY:
a well-supported testable explanation of
phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
FOSSIL:
the preserved remains of ancient organisms
Evolution is a
________
______;
theory a
testable
explanation of
naturallyoccurring
phenomena
theory
evolution
The _______
fossils that
Darwin found
caused him to ask
questions that led
to his proposal of
the theory of
_________.
evolution
Fossils provide
_______
evidence to support
the theory of
_________.
evolution
fossil
The _____
fossil record provides for
some of the evidence that supports
the ______
theory of evolution
The person who contributed the
most to our understanding of
evolution was
Charles Darwin
______________________
http://harrier.users.netlink.co.uk/Darwin_sm.jpg
In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of
H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist for
the _______________
a ________
5 year voyage around the world.
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Charles Darwin
• English naturalist
• (1831) Set sail on the
Beagle for a voyage
around the world
• During his travels,
Darwin made many
observations &
collected a great deal
of evidence, leading
him to propose the
theory of evolution
Cont. Charles Darwin
• Collected fossils
preserved remains of
ancient organisms
• Noticed that many
plants & animals were
very suited to their
environments.
• Spent much time in
Galapagos Islands in
Pacific Ocean near
South America
DARWIN WONDERED?
different
Why do Argentina and Australia have ________
similar grassland
______
animals even though they have _____________
_________?
ecosystems
Why are there no rabbits
______ in Australia and
kangaroos in England?
no ________
Why have so many species
disappeared?
extinct species
How are these ______
related to living species?
_______
http://www.rc.umd.edu/praxis/mitchell/images/dinosaur1.gif
The Galάpagos Islands are close together
climates
but have very different _______.
Some were hot and dry, with
little vegetation.
Others had more rainfall and were
rich in vegetation
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Each island had
unique
its own _____
_________
assortment of
plant and animal
species.
Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands
Section 15-1
and on Pinta Island, tortoise necks
were somewhere in between
Pinta
Pinta Island
Tower
Marchena
Intermediate shell
Fernandina
James
Santa Cruz
Isabela
Santa Fe
Hood Island
Floreana
Isabela Island
Hood
Saddle-backed shell
On the desert-like Hood Island,
tortoises had long necks…
Dome-shaped shell
…while
Go to on the lush rainforest of Isabela Island,
Section:tortoises had short necks…
Tortoises from the Galapagos
Islands
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After his voyage, Darwin spent a great
deal of time thinking about his findings.
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
He began to wonder if animals living on
different islands had once been members
same species that had
of the ____________
developed different
_________ characteristics
after becoming isolated
_______ from one
another in different habitats.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
Chapter 15-2
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Section Outline
Section 15-2
15–2
Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
A. An Ancient, Changing Earth
1. Hutton and Geological Change
2. Lyell’s Principles of Geology
B. Lamarck’s Evolution Hypotheses
1. Tendency Toward Perfection
2. Use and Disuse
3. Inheritance of Acquired Traits
4. Evaluating Lamarck’s Hypotheses
C. Population Growth
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Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
James Hutton
In 1785 ______________
proposes that the
Earth
was shaped by
______________
geological forces
_________________
occurring over
very long
__________
periods of
time, and is
millions of years old. Rocks can be
_______________
pushed from the ocean floor to form
mountains
__________.
http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Charles Lyell
In 1833 ___________
explains that the geological
processes still ___________
occurring now
have shaped Earth’s
features over
long
periods of time
________________
http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Theory of Pangaea
…and continental
drift
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif
http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Thomas
Malthus (1798)
_____________________
He observed that babies were being born
faster than people were dying. He
reasoned that if the human population
continued to grow, sooner or later there
insufficient space & food
would be _______________________
http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1809)
___________________________
was one of first scientists
to recognize living things
changed
over time and that
_______________
all species were descended
________ from
other species.
Lamarck published his hypothesis of
Inheritance of Acquired traits
________________________
the year Darwin was born.
The male fiddler crab uses its
front claw to attract mates and
ward off predators.
Through repeated use, the front
claw becomes larger.
Lamarck’s Hypothesis:
The fiddler passes on this
acquired characteristic to its
offspring
True or false?
http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/
What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck didn’t know about
genes and how traits are
inherited
_______.
If you lifted weights your
whole young adult life, and
then you had children, would
your kids be more muscular?
NO! Acquired traits may help an organism,
but they won’t be passed on to offspring.
What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck was first to
develop a scientific
hypothesis about
evolution
_______
and recognize that
organisms are
adapted to their environments
________________________
http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.jpg
Match the letter of the idea with
the man or men who proposed it:
Malthus
Hutton
Lyell
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lamarck
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
c.
Malthus
Hutton
a.
Lamarck
Lyell
b.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
Concept Map
Section 15-3
Evidence of
Evolution
includes
The fossil record
Geographic
distribution of
living species
Homologous
body structures
Similarities
in early
development
which is composed of
which indicates
which implies
which implies
Physical
remains of
organisms
Common
ancestral
species
Similar genes
Similar genes
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Section 15.3
Darwin Presents His Case
The beaks of four species of Galapagos finches,
from Darwin's Journal of Researches, 1839.
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Darwin’s Theory
Darwin didn’t publish his ideas for 20 years!
Darwin published On the Origins of
Species in 1859.
It provides evidence that evolution has
occurred by NATURAL SELECTION.
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Basis of Darwin’s Theory
His theory was based on artificial
selection:
 Animal breeders breed
animals only with desired traits.
Those desired traits are passed
down to the next generation.
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Darwin’s Theory: Natural
Selection
In nature, this is called
NATURAL SELECTION.
 Individuals best suited to
their environment survive &
reproduce most successfully.
 AKA “Survival Of The
Fittest” (sometimes called
“Reproduction of the Fittest”)
 Struggle For Existence: is
there
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Section:
supply?
Darwin’s Theory continued
Fitness ability to survive &
reproduce in a specific environment
Results from adaptations, or
inherited characteristics that
increase the organism’s chances of
survival.
Only the fittest organisms pass on
their traits to offspring
Thus, the species changes over
time.
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How can you get an adaptation?
Can you “get” one at all?
Adaptations are inherited characteristics…
you are born with them!
Adaptations are mutations that are
beneficial in a particular
environment!
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Evidence of Evolution
A) Homologous structures structures that
have different mature forms but develop from
the same embryonic tissues
B) Similarities in early development, or
embryology
C) Fossil record
D) Geographical distribution of living
organisms (where the organisms are)
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Homologous Structures
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Similarities in Embryology
•In their early stages
of development
•Embryos of different
species develop
almost identically
•This provides
evidence that they
share a common
ancestry
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