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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity Chapter 15-1 Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Section Outline Section 15-1 15–1 The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity A. Voyage of the Beagle B. Darwin’s Observations 1.Patterns of Diversity 2.Living Organisms and Fossils 3.The Galápagos Islands C. The Journey Home Go to Section: Definitions EVOLUTION: change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms THEORY: a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world FOSSIL: the preserved remains of ancient organisms Evolution is a ________ ______; theory a testable explanation of naturallyoccurring phenomena theory evolution The _______ fossils that Darwin found caused him to ask questions that led to his proposal of the theory of _________. evolution Fossils provide _______ evidence to support the theory of _________. evolution fossil The _____ fossil record provides for some of the evidence that supports the ______ theory of evolution The person who contributed the most to our understanding of evolution was Charles Darwin ______________________ http://harrier.users.netlink.co.uk/Darwin_sm.jpg In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist for the _______________ a ________ 5 year voyage around the world. Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Charles Darwin • English naturalist • (1831) Set sail on the Beagle for a voyage around the world • During his travels, Darwin made many observations & collected a great deal of evidence, leading him to propose the theory of evolution Cont. Charles Darwin • Collected fossils preserved remains of ancient organisms • Noticed that many plants & animals were very suited to their environments. • Spent much time in Galapagos Islands in Pacific Ocean near South America DARWIN WONDERED? different Why do Argentina and Australia have ________ similar grassland ______ animals even though they have _____________ _________? ecosystems Why are there no rabbits ______ in Australia and kangaroos in England? no ________ Why have so many species disappeared? extinct species How are these ______ related to living species? _______ http://www.rc.umd.edu/praxis/mitchell/images/dinosaur1.gif The Galάpagos Islands are close together climates but have very different _______. Some were hot and dry, with little vegetation. Others had more rainfall and were rich in vegetation Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Each island had unique its own _____ _________ assortment of plant and animal species. Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands Section 15-1 and on Pinta Island, tortoise necks were somewhere in between Pinta Pinta Island Tower Marchena Intermediate shell Fernandina James Santa Cruz Isabela Santa Fe Hood Island Floreana Isabela Island Hood Saddle-backed shell On the desert-like Hood Island, tortoises had long necks… Dome-shaped shell …while Go to on the lush rainforest of Isabela Island, Section:tortoises had short necks… Tortoises from the Galapagos Islands Go to Section: After his voyage, Darwin spent a great deal of time thinking about his findings. Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 He began to wonder if animals living on different islands had once been members same species that had of the ____________ developed different _________ characteristics after becoming isolated _______ from one another in different habitats. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Chapter 15-2 Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Section Outline Section 15-2 15–2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking A. An Ancient, Changing Earth 1. Hutton and Geological Change 2. Lyell’s Principles of Geology B. Lamarck’s Evolution Hypotheses 1. Tendency Toward Perfection 2. Use and Disuse 3. Inheritance of Acquired Traits 4. Evaluating Lamarck’s Hypotheses C. Population Growth Go to Section: Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: James Hutton In 1785 ______________ proposes that the Earth was shaped by ______________ geological forces _________________ occurring over very long __________ periods of time, and is millions of years old. Rocks can be _______________ pushed from the ocean floor to form mountains __________. http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Charles Lyell In 1833 ___________ explains that the geological processes still ___________ occurring now have shaped Earth’s features over long periods of time ________________ http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Theory of Pangaea …and continental drift http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Thomas Malthus (1798) _____________________ He observed that babies were being born faster than people were dying. He reasoned that if the human population continued to grow, sooner or later there insufficient space & food would be _______________________ http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809) ___________________________ was one of first scientists to recognize living things changed over time and that _______________ all species were descended ________ from other species. Lamarck published his hypothesis of Inheritance of Acquired traits ________________________ the year Darwin was born. The male fiddler crab uses its front claw to attract mates and ward off predators. Through repeated use, the front claw becomes larger. Lamarck’s Hypothesis: The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its offspring True or false? http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/ What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck didn’t know about genes and how traits are inherited _______. If you lifted weights your whole young adult life, and then you had children, would your kids be more muscular? NO! Acquired traits may help an organism, but they won’t be passed on to offspring. What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck was first to develop a scientific hypothesis about evolution _______ and recognize that organisms are adapted to their environments ________________________ http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.jpg Match the letter of the idea with the man or men who proposed it: Malthus Hutton Lyell a. b. c. d. Lamarck The earth is really old, and slowly changes Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources, and pass those changes on to their offspring c. Malthus Hutton a. Lamarck Lyell b. d. a. b. c. d. The earth is really old, and slowly changes Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources, and pass those changes on to their offspring Concept Map Section 15-3 Evidence of Evolution includes The fossil record Geographic distribution of living species Homologous body structures Similarities in early development which is composed of which indicates which implies which implies Physical remains of organisms Common ancestral species Similar genes Similar genes Go to Section: Section 15.3 Darwin Presents His Case The beaks of four species of Galapagos finches, from Darwin's Journal of Researches, 1839. Go to Section: Darwin’s Theory Darwin didn’t publish his ideas for 20 years! Darwin published On the Origins of Species in 1859. It provides evidence that evolution has occurred by NATURAL SELECTION. Go to Section: Basis of Darwin’s Theory His theory was based on artificial selection: Animal breeders breed animals only with desired traits. Those desired traits are passed down to the next generation. Go to Section: Darwin’s Theory: Natural Selection In nature, this is called NATURAL SELECTION. Individuals best suited to their environment survive & reproduce most successfully. AKA “Survival Of The Fittest” (sometimes called “Reproduction of the Fittest”) Struggle For Existence: is there Go toan unlimited food Section: supply? Darwin’s Theory continued Fitness ability to survive & reproduce in a specific environment Results from adaptations, or inherited characteristics that increase the organism’s chances of survival. Only the fittest organisms pass on their traits to offspring Thus, the species changes over time. Go to Section: How can you get an adaptation? Can you “get” one at all? Adaptations are inherited characteristics… you are born with them! Adaptations are mutations that are beneficial in a particular environment! Go to Section: Evidence of Evolution A) Homologous structures structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues B) Similarities in early development, or embryology C) Fossil record D) Geographical distribution of living organisms (where the organisms are) Go to Section: Homologous Structures Go to Section: Similarities in Embryology •In their early stages of development •Embryos of different species develop almost identically •This provides evidence that they share a common ancestry Go to Section: