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EVOLUTION!
January, 2013
Warm Up Questions
1.Why were their no rabbits in Australia?
2. Why are their no Kangaroo’s in England?
Evolution
• A change in species over time (many
generations).
• These changes or adaptations help the
species to survive.
A portrait of James
Hutton (1726–1797)
is known as the
founder of modern
geology
Hutton came to believe that
the Earth was perpetually
being formed; for example,
molten material is forced up
into mountains, eroded, and
then eroded sediments are
washed away.
He recognized that the history of
the Earth could be determined
by understanding how
processes such as erosion and
sedimentation work in the
present day. He believed that
the earth is millions of years old
and not thousands of years old.
The Malthusian doctrine, as stated
in "Essay on the Principle of
Population”,
Malthus developed his theory,
at least to this extent:
That left alone, no matter all
the problems short of world
wide catastrophe, humankind
will survive, as, nature has a
natural way to cut population
levels: "crime, disease, war,
and vice," being, the necessary
checks on population."
Thomas Robert Malthus (17661834)
a French naturalist named Jean
Baptiste Pierre Antoine de
Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck
took a great conceptual step
and proposed a full-blown
theory of evolution.
Jean became one of the
founding professors of the
Musee National d'Histoire
Naturelle as an expert on
invertebrates. His work on
classifying worms, spiders,
molluscs, and other boneless
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-creatures was far ahead of his
1829)
time.
Charles Darwin made observations and
collected specimens in 1831 during his
travels on the HMS Beagle.
This observation and evidence lead
him to propose an evolutionary
hypothesis about the way life
changes over time.
This hypothesis is now know as the
Theory of Evolution.
Galapagos Islands
Here Darwin
observed species
that were similar,
but not the same.
In 1859 Darwin published his
work
Natural Selection
• Survival of the fittest.
• Organisms compete to
survive.
• There must be genetic
variation or diversity.
• Species adapt to their
environment.
• Only those that reproduce will
survive.
Natural Selection
Four Main Ideas:
1. Variation
2. Competition
3. Adaptation
4. Decent with Modification
Variation
In a population, individuals can
be slightly different in their
genetic makeup.
**Population= a group of individuals of the
same species that live in the same area
Competition
Individuals of a population
produce more offspring than the
environment can support.
Individuals of a population
compete to survive.
Adaptations
Characteristics that
can increase an
organisms chance
of survival.
Can be structural or
physiological.
Descent with Modification
Each living species has descended, with
have changes in the genetic makeup,
from other species over time.
Peppered Moth
• Before the Industrial
Revolution, the trees in
England were light and
the light colored moths
were camouflaged
(hidden).
• However the dark ones
were easier to spot and
often eaten by predators
(birds).
Industrial Revolution
• During this time, pollution
or soot from factories
darkened the trees.
• The dark moths were
camouflaged.
• The light moths became
easier prey (food) for the
birds.
How is this an example of
natural selection?