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Transcript
RTW Friday, January st 31 What is your definition for evolution? Today’s Agenda Recommendations for 2014-15 Anatomy/Physiology Anatomy/Physiology Biology Honors II Environmental Science Marine Science Test corrections Start vocabulary Evolution Vocabulary Endosymbiotic Theory Evolution Convergent Evolution Coevolution Punctuated Equilibrium Descendant Ancestor Fossil Homogolous Sturcture Vestigial Structure Analogous Structure Embryology Biogeography Hominid Candidate Fossils RTW Monday, February rd 3 What came first, the chicken or the egg? ORIGINS OF LIFE Theories of the Origin of Life Abiogenesis Primordial soup Endosymbiotic theory Hydrothermal vents Panspermia Abiogenesis = "non biological origins“: hypothetical generation of life from non-living matter. Spontaneous generation Primordial Soup Famous Miller-Urey experiment (1953) suggested that lightning might have helped create the key building blocks of life on Earth in its early days. Over millions of years, larger and more complex molecules could form. Electric sparks can generate amino acids and sugars from an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. Endosymbiosis Deep-Sea Vents The deep-sea vent theory suggests that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents These vents spew key hydrogenrich molecules. Their rocky nooks could then have concentrated these molecules together and provided mineral catalysts for critical reactions. Even now, these vents, rich in chemical and thermal energy, sustain vibrant ecosystems. Panspermia = life did not begin on Earth at all, but was brought here from elsewhere in space Rocks regularly get blasted off Mars by cosmic impacts, and a number of Martian meteorites have been found on Earth that some researchers have controversially suggested brought microbes over here, potentially making us all Martians originally. “Happy Birthday Earth!” How old are you? The Earth is 4.6 BILLION years old! In this activity…You will be designing a geological birthday card for the Earth for a specific time period. To do this you will need to calculate your “Geological Birthday”… Calculating Your Geological Birthday 1.) Divide the age of the Earth by the number of days in a year. 2.) Next add the number of days from the beginning of the year until your birthday. 3.) Subtract this number of days from the total number of days in a year. 4.) Figure out the equivalent number of years on the geological time scale. 5.) Round to the nearest million years. Month # of Days January 31 February 28 March 31 April 30 May 31 June 30 July 31 August 31 September 30 October 31 November 30 December 31 Example Birthday: September th 5 1.) 4.6 billion/365 = 12,602,740 years per day 2.) 31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 5 = 248 days 3.) 365 - 248 = 117 At the end of the year my birthday was 117 days ago 4.) (12,602,740 years/day) x (117 days) = 1,474,520,580 years 5.) 1,474,520,580 rounds to 1,500,000,000 which can also be expressed as 1,500 MYA or the Metoproterozoic Now what? Design a birthday card for the Earth at that time Your card should convey something about that time period. Environment Presence or absence of life Arrangement of continents Anything else you learned about that time http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.php RTW Tuesday, February th 4 What is one theory of the origins of life that we discussed yesterday and what does it entail? Evidence for Evolution Project You will be placed into groups of 6 Each group will have specialists: Anatomist- study the structure of organisms Physiologist- study the function of organisms Paleontologist- study fossils Molecular biologist- study genetics Within your group you need to have 2 of the same specialists (one specialist will not be represented) Evidence for Evolution Project With your role you will research 4-5 examples of evidence for evolution Find specific examples, so when you present to the class you will have different examples to share (also find the dates when the evidence was discovered) To start your research: Google “Evidence for evolution webquest” Scroll down and utilize the links for your role Evidence for Evolution Project As a group you are creating a poster that will be presented (“Evidence for evolution webquest”) Organize your information in a chart: Evidence for Evolution Special Areas of Interest Anatomy Molecular Biology Paleontology Evidence (descriptions or drawings) Significance RTW Wednesday, February th 5 What is one piece of evidence for evolution (think about what you researched yesterday)? RTW Thursday, February th 6 How does this picture provide support for the theory of evolution? RTW Friday, February th 7 What is a vestigial structure and what is an example of one? HAPPY FRIDAY! Key Concept Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many sources. Evidence for evolution came from several sources. Fossils provide evidence of evolution. Fossils in older layers are more primitive than those in the upper layers. Paleontology provides evidence to support evolution. The study of geography provides evidence of evolution. Island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species Populations can show variation from one island to another Embryology provides evidence of evolution. Identical larvae, different adult body forms Similar embryos, diverse organisms The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution. Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function. Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor. Human hand Mole foot Bat wing The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution. Analogous structures have a similar function. Human hand Mole foot Analogous structures are NOT evidence of a common ancestor. Fly wing Bat wing Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species • Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor. • Ostrich wings are examples of vestigial structures. Molecular & genetic evidence support fossil & anatomical evidence Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences. Humans share a common ancestor with other primates. Primates are mammals with flexible hands and feet, forward-looking eyes and enlarged brains. Anthropoids are humanlike primates. So why are humans so advanced? BRAINSTORM with a shoulder partner about what makes us more advanced than other primates and organisms So why are humans so advanced? Bipedal means walking on two legs. – – – foraging carrying infants and food using tools HUGE brains! Language Use of tools Article Review Read the article. Write down the answers in your notebook (part of the notebook check). When done, turn to your shoulder partner and summarize your article. RTW Monday, February th 10 Based on embryology & developmental patterns, what can you infer from this diagram? A. B. C. D. They are offspring are from a common parent They have a distant common ancestor They developed in the same location They evolved into the same species NATURAL SELECTION Or, how did we get here…. Natural Selection Natural selection is a mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals. • • • Heritability is the ability of a trait to be passed down. There is a struggle for survival due to overpopulation and limited resources. Darwin proposed that adaptations arose over many generations. Natural selection explains how evolution can occur. • There are four main principles to the theory of natural selection. – variation – overproduction – adaptation – descent with modification ADAPTATION DESCENT VARIATION OVERPRODUCTION with MODIFICATION Variation 1. Reproduction occurs with variation This variation is heritable (traits inherited from parents) Variation Variation is a difference in a physical trait. Galápagos tortoises that live in areas with tall plants have long necks and legs. Galápagos finches that live in areas with hard-shelled nuts have strong beaks. Overproduction 2. Overproduction of offspring (too many babies!) There is competition among living things More are born or hatched or whatever, than survive and reproduce Adaptations 3. An adaptation is a feature that allow an organism to better survive in its environment. – – Species are able to adapt to their environment. Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a population. Descent with Modification 4. Selection determines which individuals enter the adult breeding population This selection is done by the environment Those which are best suited reproduce They pass these well suited characteristics on to their young Fitness describes how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment. This lecture keeps evolving….. Survival of the Fittest means those who have the most offspring that reproduce ‘Descent with modification from a common ancestor, NOT random modification, but, modification shaped by natural selection’ Natural selection acts on existing variation. • Natural selection can act only on traits that already exist. • Structures take on new functions in addition to their original function. five digits wrist bone Other Evolutionary Theories Lamarckism Inheritance of acquired characteristics E.g., giraffes really wanted leaves, so they stretched their necks and….. ‘Cave dwelling fish don’t use their eyes so they disappear’ ‘We don’t use our appendix so it is disappearing’ RTW Tuesday, February th 11 Explain why some animals have more or fewer offspring at a time. Which do you think is the better strategy? Mechanisms of Change Gene Flow Migration & Emigration Genetic Drift Bottleneck Effect Founder Effect Speciation Non-random mating Sexual Selection Genetic Recombination Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations. Gene flow occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce. keeps neighboring populations similar. Low gene flow increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species. bald eagle migration Migration & Emigration Gene flow moves alleles from one population to another. Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies due to chance. Genetic drift causes a loss of genetic diversity. It is most common in small populations. A population bottleneck can lead to genetic drift. It occurs when an event drastically reduces population size. The bottleneck effect is genetic drift that occurs after a bottleneck event. Genetic Drift Genetic drift has negative effects on a population. – – – less likely to have some individuals that can adapt harmful alleles can become more common due to chance Genetic drift changes allele frequencies due to chance alone. Founder effect The founding of a small population can lead to genetic drift. – It occurs when a few individuals start a new population. – The founder effect is genetic drift that occurs after start of new population. Sexual selection occurs when certain traits increase mating success. Sexual selection occurs due to higher cost of reproduction for females. males produce many sperm continuously females are more limited in potential offspring each cycle Sexual selection selects for traits that improve mating success. Types of Sexual Selection There are two types of sexual selection. – – intrasexual selection: competition among males intersexual selection: males display certain traits to females Genetic Recombination Mutations produce the genetic variation needed for evolution. Exit Slip There are many different species of birds, but they all have different songs. Explain what kind of mechanism of change this is and how it works. Vocab Evolution Natural selection Variation Fitness Adaptation Descendant Vestigal structure Homologous structure Analogous structure RTW Wednesday, February th 12 Write down an example of an animal that has adapted to survive in its environment. Ipad Activity Google “Natural Selection Examples” and click first option (Discovery Channel) Pick five examples For each example, answer the following IN YOUR NOTEBOOK: 1. 2. 3. Name of species Describe the trait being selected. How does the trait help the organism survive in its environment? Peppered Moths An example of evolution of a species over the past 200 years Before the Industrial Revolution in England the trees were a mottled white color. Coal burning factories began producing soot that covered the forests, making the trees black in color. The peppered moth population responded to this change, by adapting to their environment Moth Activity Instructions You will be given a moth outline Cut it out Color it (AT LEAST 2 COLORS) Camouflage the moth for a specific surface around the room