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Transcript
Darwin’s Principles AP Biology 2010-2011 2 Evolution of Evolutionary Thought Develop time line of historical events 427-347 B.C. Plato’s divinely inspired “ideal form” 384-322 B.C. Aristotle’s “Ladder of Nature” until 1700s Creationism Each species was created individually by God Earth was the center of the universe Man stood atop creation Exploration of New Lands • Number of species was greater than expected • Some species closely resembled one another • Some naturalists concluded that similar species may have developed from a common ancestor AP Biology 3 Evolution of Evolutionary Thought 1707-1788 George LeClerc (Comte of Buffon); creation provided a relatively small number of founding species that evolved through natural processes Idea was not accepted by science Did not provide a mechanism for evolution Earth was not old enough to allow time for the process of evolution 1769-1832 G. Cuvier; theory of catastrophism (creationist w/extinction) AP Biology 4 Evolution of Evolutionary Thought 1726-1797 James Hutton developed uniformitarianism – gradual change 1797-1875 Charles Lyell’s “Old Earth Hypothesis” supported Hutton, gave time for gradual change (Archbishop James Ussher calculated the date of the creation of the Earth…9AM, Oct 23, 4004BCE…using biblical lineages.) 1744-1829 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck inheritance of acquired characteristics AP Biology (‘cuz if you are gonna be wrong…do it spectacularly!’) 5 Evolution of Evolutionary Thought 1809-1882 Charles Darwin Developed the theory of evolution Species evolved through natural selection; Adaptation to their ever-changing environment. 1823-1913 Alfred Wallace; supported Darwin's theory (worked separately, came up with same conclusion, came in “2nd”) Present theory of evolution by natural selection AP Biology In historical context Other people’s ideas paved the path for Darwin’s thinking competition: struggle for survival population growth exceeds food supply land masses change over immeasurable time AP Biology 7 Darwin’s Finches AP Biology Ch apt er 14 Darwin’s finches Differences in beaks allowed some finches to… successfully compete successfully feed successfully reproduce pass successful AP Biology traits onto their offspring Voyage: 1831-1836 November 24, 1859, Darwin published “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” AP Biology Essence of Darwin’s ideas Natural selection heritable variation exists in populations over-production of offspring more offspring than the environment can support competition for food, mates, nesting sites, escape predators differential survival successful traits = adaptations differential reproduction adaptations become more AP Biology common in population 11 A Flowchart of Evolutionary Reasoning Potential for rapid reproduction Relatively constant resources and population over time Competition for survival and reproduction Variability in structures and behaviors NATURAL SELECTION On average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspring Some variability is inherited (observations) (conclusions) AP Biology EVOLUTION: The genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection Where does Variation come from? Mutation random changes to DNA errors in mitosis & meiosis environmental damage Sexual reproduction mixing of alleles genetic recombination new arrangements of alleles in every offspring new combinations = new phenotypes AP Biology Lamarckian vs. Darwinian view Lamarck in reaching higher vegetation giraffes stretch their necks & transmits the acquired longer neck to offspring Darwin AP Biology giraffes born with longer necks survive better & leave more offspring who inherit their long necks Stick your neck out… Ask Questions! AP Biology