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Chapter 4 •Life in the Marine Environment Energy •The ability to do work •All living things require energy Metabolism •The sum total of all the chemical reaction that take place in an organism Anabolism •Reactions that build up •Reactions that require energy Catabolism • Reactions that break down biomolecules • Reactions that give off energy Common atoms found in living things • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen Building Blocks of Life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates • Sugars & starches • Structure, energy storage, & intermediates in metabolic pathways Lipids • Fats & oils • Energy storage & membrane structure Proteins • Long chain amino acids • Every possible use Nucleic Acids • DNA & RNA • Carrying the genetic code Carbon Fixation • Changing atmospheric carbon (CO2) to a usable form • CO2 ----> C6H12O6 Photosynthesis • Using energy from light to convert CO2 to organic matter (carbon fixation) • Anabolic reaction Chlorophyll •The main pigment that absorbs sunlight in the photosynthetic process Main Photosynthetic Reaction 6 CO2 + 6 H2O --------------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Respiration • The breakdown of organic matter producing energy, CO2 & H2O • Catabolic rxn • Reverse of Photo. Rxn Autotrophs •Perform carbon fixation •Produce their own food Photoautotroph • Obtains energy from light to perform carbon fixation • Photosynthetic organisms Chemoautotroph • Obtains energy from high energy chemicals to perform carbon fixation • Chemosynthetic organisms Heterotrophs •Cannot produce their own food •Must consume food ATP • Adenosine triphosphate • Energy carrier in living organisms • ATP ---> ADP + P + E Primary Production •Another name for carbon fixation Primary Producers •Make their own food •Carbon fixers •Autotrophs Consumers •Must consume food •Heterotrophs Resources •Anything an organism needs to survive Nutrients •Raw materials other than light, CO2, O2, & H2O that organisms need to survive Types of Cells •Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic Prokaryote •Primitive •Lack organelles •No Nucleus Eukaryotic Cells •Advanced cells •Organelles within membranes •Has Nucleus Types of Eukaryotic Cells •Plant Cells •Animal Cells Plant Cell • Has cell walls • Has chloroplasts • Has huge vacuole Animal Cell • Has no cell wall • Has no chloroplasts • Has smaller vacuoles Levels of Organization • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ System Individual Population Community Ecosystem Atom •Fundamental unit of matter •Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc Molecule •Group of atoms chemically combined •H2O, CO2, C6H12O6 Organelle • Complex structure bound within membrane • Nucleus, mitochondria, etc Cell •Basic unit of life Tissue •Group of cells specialized for the same function •Muscle tissue Organ •Tissue organized into structures •Stomach, heart, etc Organ System •A group of organs that work in cooperation •Digestive system, etc Individual •An organism •Human, amoeba, etc Population •The number of organisms in a particular species •8,000,000 rats in Baltimore Community • All the populations in a habitat • Humans, rats, roaches, etc in Baltimore Ecosystem • Community of communities bound in a common area • Chesapeake Bay Basin Classification of organisms based on mobility •Planktonic •Nektonic •Benthic Planktonic • Cannot swim faster than the ocean currents • Free floating of free drifting Nektonic •Can swim against the currents •Free swimming Benthic •Bottom dwelling Sessile •Attached to a surface Diffusion •The movement of particles down an energy gradient •hot to cold, etc Osmosis •The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane Osmoregulator •Organisms that can regulate their internal salt content Osmoconformer •Organisms that cannot regulate their internal salt content Endotherm Homeotherm Warm Blooded •Organisms that can control their internal body temperature Ectotherm Poikilotherm Cold Blooded •Organisms that cannot control their internal body temperature Reproduction •The ability of organisms to produce new organisms similar to themselves Modes of Reproduction •Asexual Reproduction •Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction • Reproduction that does not involve a partner • Binary fission • Budding • Vegetative reproduction Binary Fission •Mitosis •One organism split into 2 identical organisms •Cloning Budding •Parent cell develops small growth (Bud) that breaks off & becomes new organism Vegetative Reproduction • Sending various kinds of runners that take root and sever from the parent to become new individual Germ Tissue •Specialized tissue used in sexual reproduction Meiosis • Specialized reproduction germ cells perform that divides diploid cells into haploid cells Diploid Cells •Normal cells that have two similar sets of chromosomes •2n Haploid Cells •Gametes that have only one set of chromosomes •1n or n Gametes •The male or female haploid cells •Sperm - male •Egg - female Gonads • The germ tissue that produces haploid cells • Ovaries - Female • Testes - Male Fertilization •The process in which the sperm contacts & fuses with the egg Zygote •Fertilized egg Embryo •Name for the fertilized egg after cell division begins Heredity •The transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next Natural Selection • The individuals that have the best adaptive traits have the greatest survival rate • Survival of the fittest Evolution •Genetic changes over time due to natural selection Phylogeny •Evolutionary history of a species Taxonomy •Classification of organisms Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Kingdoms • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Archaebacteria • Primative bacteria • Prokaryotes • Thermophiles • Halophiles Eubacteria •Advanced bacteria •True bacteria •Prokaryotes Protista •Unicellular eukaryotes and multi-cellular algae Fungi •Plant like heterotrophs Plantae • Complex organisms that perform photosynthesis • Have cell walls • Have chloroplasts Animalia •Complex heterotrophs •No cell walls •No Chloroplasts