Download MB Chapter 04

Chapter 4
•Life in the
Marine
Environment
Energy
•The ability to do work
•All living things
require energy
Metabolism
•The sum total of all
the chemical reaction
that take place in an
organism
Anabolism
•Reactions that build up
•Reactions that require
energy
Catabolism
• Reactions that break
down biomolecules
• Reactions that give off
energy
Common atoms
found in living
things
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
Building Blocks of
Life
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• Sugars & starches
• Structure, energy storage,
& intermediates in
metabolic pathways
Lipids
• Fats & oils
• Energy storage &
membrane structure
Proteins
• Long chain amino
acids
• Every possible use
Nucleic Acids
• DNA & RNA
• Carrying the genetic
code
Carbon Fixation
• Changing atmospheric
carbon (CO2) to a usable
form
• CO2 ----> C6H12O6
Photosynthesis
• Using energy from light
to convert CO2 to organic
matter (carbon fixation)
• Anabolic reaction
Chlorophyll
•The main pigment
that absorbs sunlight
in the photosynthetic
process
Main
Photosynthetic
Reaction
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
-------------->
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Respiration
• The breakdown of
organic matter producing
energy, CO2 & H2O
• Catabolic rxn
• Reverse of Photo. Rxn
Autotrophs
•Perform carbon
fixation
•Produce their own
food
Photoautotroph
• Obtains energy from light
to perform carbon
fixation
• Photosynthetic organisms
Chemoautotroph
• Obtains energy from high
energy chemicals to
perform carbon fixation
• Chemosynthetic
organisms
Heterotrophs
•Cannot produce their
own food
•Must consume food
ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Energy carrier in living
organisms
• ATP ---> ADP + P + E
Primary
Production
•Another name for
carbon fixation
Primary
Producers
•Make their own food
•Carbon fixers
•Autotrophs
Consumers
•Must consume
food
•Heterotrophs
Resources
•Anything an
organism needs
to survive
Nutrients
•Raw materials other
than light, CO2, O2,
& H2O that
organisms need to
survive
Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryote
•Primitive
•Lack organelles
•No Nucleus
Eukaryotic
Cells
•Advanced cells
•Organelles within
membranes
•Has Nucleus
Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
•Plant Cells
•Animal Cells
Plant Cell
• Has cell walls
• Has chloroplasts
• Has huge vacuole
Animal Cell
• Has no cell wall
• Has no chloroplasts
• Has smaller vacuoles
Levels of
Organization
• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
System
Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Atom
•Fundamental unit of
matter
•Oxygen, Hydrogen,
etc
Molecule
•Group of atoms
chemically combined
•H2O, CO2, C6H12O6
Organelle
• Complex structure
bound within
membrane
• Nucleus, mitochondria,
etc
Cell
•Basic unit of life
Tissue
•Group of cells
specialized for the
same function
•Muscle tissue
Organ
•Tissue organized into
structures
•Stomach, heart, etc
Organ System
•A group of organs
that work in
cooperation
•Digestive system, etc
Individual
•An organism
•Human, amoeba, etc
Population
•The number of
organisms in a
particular species
•8,000,000 rats in
Baltimore
Community
• All the populations in a
habitat
• Humans, rats, roaches,
etc in Baltimore
Ecosystem
• Community of
communities bound in a
common area
• Chesapeake Bay Basin
Classification of
organisms based
on mobility
•Planktonic
•Nektonic
•Benthic
Planktonic
• Cannot swim faster
than the ocean currents
• Free floating of free
drifting
Nektonic
•Can swim against the
currents
•Free swimming
Benthic
•Bottom dwelling
Sessile
•Attached to a
surface
Diffusion
•The movement of
particles down an
energy gradient
•hot to cold, etc
Osmosis
•The movement of
water across a
selectively
permeable membrane
Osmoregulator
•Organisms that can
regulate their
internal salt content
Osmoconformer
•Organisms that
cannot regulate
their internal salt
content
Endotherm
Homeotherm
Warm Blooded
•Organisms that can
control their
internal body
temperature
Ectotherm
Poikilotherm
Cold Blooded
•Organisms that
cannot control their
internal body
temperature
Reproduction
•The ability of
organisms to produce
new organisms
similar to themselves
Modes of
Reproduction
•Asexual
Reproduction
•Sexual
Reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
• Reproduction that does
not involve a partner
• Binary fission
• Budding
• Vegetative reproduction
Binary Fission
•Mitosis
•One organism split
into 2 identical
organisms
•Cloning
Budding
•Parent cell develops
small growth (Bud)
that breaks off &
becomes new
organism
Vegetative
Reproduction
• Sending various kinds
of runners that take
root and sever from the
parent to become new
individual
Germ Tissue
•Specialized
tissue used in
sexual
reproduction
Meiosis
• Specialized
reproduction germ cells
perform that divides
diploid cells into
haploid cells
Diploid Cells
•Normal cells that
have two similar sets
of chromosomes
•2n
Haploid Cells
•Gametes that have
only one set of
chromosomes
•1n or n
Gametes
•The male or female
haploid cells
•Sperm - male
•Egg - female
Gonads
• The germ tissue that
produces haploid cells
• Ovaries - Female
• Testes - Male
Fertilization
•The process in
which the sperm
contacts & fuses
with the egg
Zygote
•Fertilized egg
Embryo
•Name for the
fertilized egg after
cell division begins
Heredity
•The transfer of
genetic information
from one generation
to the next
Natural
Selection
• The individuals that
have the best adaptive
traits have the greatest
survival rate
• Survival of the fittest
Evolution
•Genetic changes
over time due to
natural selection
Phylogeny
•Evolutionary
history of a
species
Taxonomy
•Classification of
organisms
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
Archaebacteria
• Primative bacteria
• Prokaryotes
• Thermophiles
• Halophiles
Eubacteria
•Advanced bacteria
•True bacteria
•Prokaryotes
Protista
•Unicellular
eukaryotes and
multi-cellular algae
Fungi
•Plant like
heterotrophs
Plantae
• Complex organisms
that perform
photosynthesis
• Have cell walls
• Have chloroplasts
Animalia
•Complex
heterotrophs
•No cell walls
•No Chloroplasts