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Transcript
Human Evolution
BIO 2343
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson
Animal Connection
• Humans share many
traits with animals
• We are most similar to
apes
– Same 206 bones
– All but 3 of 650
muscles the same
– DNA is 98% the same
– Same blood types
Albino Gorilla
2
Why are we so similar to apes?
• Modern apes and modern man share a
common ancestor who lived about 5 to 6
million years ago
3
Does the idea of human evolution
from animals contradict a belief
in God?
• Many scientists of all religious faiths
believe in both.
• Some people feel evolution contradicts the
literal interpretation of the Bible.
4
Earths Position in the Universe
• 400 years ago the
general public thought
that the earth was the
center of the universe
– Sun revolves around
the earth
– The earth does not
move
5
Galileo and Corpernicus
• Demonstrated scientific
evidence that the sun is at
the center of our solar
system and the earth
moves around the sun
6
Galileo and the Church
• Religious leaders felt
the heliocentral theory
(sun at the center) was
a direct contradiction
to the literal
interpretation of the
Bible
• Galileo found guilty of
heresy
7
Copernican System
(Heliocentral Theory)
• Did not destroy
peoples belief in God
• Public now accepts the
overwhelming
evidence for the
heliocentral theory
8
Theory of Evolution
• Science has overwhelming evidence that all life is
constantly evolving
9
Natural Selection
• One mechanism of evolution
• Main concepts of natural selection
–
–
–
–
Overproduction of offspring
Inherited variation in offspring
Competition
Best adapted in a given environment survive
and reproduce to increase their kind
• They are naturally selected
10
Overproduction of Offspring
• Elephants (very slow reproductive rate)
– If all the offspring of one elephant pair survive and all
their offspring survive then:
• 750 years = 19,000,000 elephants
• 1200 years = Enough elephants to cover the earth!
• Beetles
– A handful that weighs 10 mg each
– 82 weeks
• 61,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 ton
– The weight of the earth!
11
Variation of Offspring
• Offspring of the same
parents are different
from each other
12
Competition
• Since more individuals are born than can
survive for an extended period of time, they
compete for resources
– Food
– Living space
– Mates
13
Best adapted to a given environment
are selected to survive
• Brown bears
– Adapted to survive in
Oklahoma
• Polar bears
– Adapted to survive in
Alaska
14
Sequence of Human Evolution
• Hundreds of fossils
have been found
• Some of the major
fossils will be
discussed in this
presentation
15
Australopithicus afarensis
•
•
•
•
•
3.5 million years ago
Nicknamed Lucy
Walked upright
Small brain
Skeleton human like
– Feet
– Pelvis
– Upright stance
16
Comparative Anatomy
Lucy
Gorilla
Human
• Gorilla pelvis adapted for knuckle walking
• Human pelvis adapted for upright walking
• Lucy’s pelvis very similar to human pelvis
17
Knuckle Walking
• Requires an elongated
pelvis and long arms
18
Lucy’s pelvis allowed her to walk
like a human instead of an ape.
19
Fossilized Footprints
• Footprints left when a
a pair of
Australopithecines
walked in the ash of a
recently erupted
volcano
20
Skull Anatomy
Lucy
Chimp
• Thick brow ridges like a chimpanzee
• Cranial capacity 400 cc. Chimp 350 cc.
• Teeth similar to human teeth
21
Lucy: A Transitional Fossil
• Transitional fossil shows
characteristics of two kinds
of animals
– Represent the transition from
one organism to another
• Ape characteristics
– Skull
– Cranial capacity
• Human characteristics
– Walked upright
– Feet
– Pelvis
22
Australophithicus africanus
• 2.8 million years ago
• Cranial capacity 460 cc
23
Homo habilis
• Cranial capacity 630 cc
• Flatter face than
Australopithecines
• Used tools
– Nicknamed handy man
24
Homo erectus
• 1.8 million to 35,000
years ago
• 1,000 cc cranial capacity
• Large brow ridges
• Sloping forehead
• More advanced tools than
H. habilis
25
Homo erectus
• Skeleton very similar
to modern man
• Used fire
• Traveled
– Fossils found in Africa,
Europe, China,
Indonesia
26
Homo neanderthalensis
• 135,000 to 25,000 years
ago
• Cranial capacity up to
1750 cc
– Larger than modern man
• No chin
• Sloping forehead
• Buried dead with tools and
flowers
27
Homo sapiens
• 200,000 years ago to
present
– Photo is a skull
100,000 years old
• 1400 cc cranial
capacity
• Vertical forehead
• Pronounced chin
28
Modern Homo sapiens
• Small front teeth
• Small brow ridges
• Rounded cranium
29
Sequence of Human Evolution
One of several possibilities
Homo
neanderthalensis
Australopithicus
afarensis
Australopithicus
africanus
Common
ancestor
Homo
habilis
Homo
erectus
Homo
sapiens
Modern
apes
30
Evolution of Skull
•
•
•
•
•
Cranial capacity increases for a larger brain
Face become flatter
Brow ridges become smaller
Forehead becomes higher
Chin develops
31
Tools used to learn about our
evolutionary past
•
•
•
•
Study of fossils
Comparing DNA
Comparing chromosomes
Comparing protein sequences
32
Paleontology
• Study of fossils
– Allows us to see
anatomical similarities
between us and
organisms that lived in
the past
– Allows us to see how
our ancestors have
changed over time
33
Comparing DNA
• Human DNA
compared to:
–
–
–
–
Chimpanzee 99% same
Gorilla 97.7% same
Orangutan 96.3% same
Another human 99.9%
same
34
Comparing Chromosomes
• All apes have 48
chromosomes
• Chromosome bands
between human (H)
and chimpanzee (C)
99% the same
• Translocation of two
ape chromosomes
formed human
chromosome 2
35
Inversions
• Human and chimp
chromosomes
• Inversion between
p14.1 and q14.1
• 9 total inversions in
human vs. chimp
36
Comparing Protein Sequences
• Many proteins in all of man are identical
• Organ transplants require similar proteins in
the donor and the recipient
– A sibling or parent is often the best source for
an organ transplant
37
Which would be the closest protein
match for an organ transplant?
Assuming all are alive and healthy.
• A persons father
• A persons great grandfather
• A persons 10th great grandfather
38
Molecular Clock
• The further you go back in time, the more
proteins (and DNA) are different.
• Differences in protein sequences and DNA
can be used to estimate time when two
species shared a common ancestor
39
Related Organisms
• Close similarity of protein sequences
indicates close relationship
40
Cytochrome C
• Protein used to release
energy from food
• 104 amino acids
• 20 of the amino acids
occupy the same position
in all eukaryotes
41
Comparison of Human Cytochrome C
• 100 amino acids different
in tuna fish
• 12 amino acids different
in a horse
• 8 amino acids different in
a kangaroo
• 1 amino acid different in
a monkey
• Identical to chimpanzee
42
Mitochondrial DNA
• Only inherited from
mother
• Mutates faster than
nuclear DNA
– Lacks repair enzymes
43
Mitochondrial DNA
• Studied in several different human
populations
• Greatest diversity found in African
population
– Therefore the oldest population
• Molecular clock
44
Mitochondrial Eve
• Mother of all humans
• She may have lived
about 200,000 years
ago in Africa
45
Native American Origin
• Four Rare mtDNA
haplotypes are found in
Native Americans
• The same haplotypes are
found in Mongolia and
China
46
Mitochondrial DNA
• Four Rare mtDNA haplotypes are found in
Native Americans
• The same haplotypes are found in Mongolia
and China
47
Neanderthal Man
• Mitochondrial DNA
studies indicate he was
not a direct human
ancestor
• Contemporary species
with early Homo sapiens
• H. sapiens out competed
H. neaderthalensis
48
Eugenics
• “Improvement” of the human race
• Attempt to direct human evolution
– Not allow unfit to reproduce
– By 1956 58,000 people in USA sterilized for
being feeblemindedness, criminality and
insanity
49
American Eugenics Society
• Founded in 1923
• Lobbied for IQ tests of
immigrants
• Lobbied to not allow
immigrants from
countries not from
northern Europe
50
Fitter Families Exhibit
• State fairs across the
nation
• Promoted eugenics
51
Eugenics Champion
• Hitler wanted to
improve the human
race
• killed millions of
people in the name
eugenics
52
The End
53