Download Initial National Communication V&A Assessment

Jamaica’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC
Mr. Jeffrey Spooner
Faculty of Social Sciences,
UWI, Mona and CARICOM
Caribbean Climate Change Centre
“Climate Change Impacts on the
Caribbean, with special attention to
Tourism and Insurance”
June15-17, 2007, Mona Campus
PRESENTATION ON JAMAICA’S
SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION
Jeffery Spooner & Clifford Mahlung
OUTLINE
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INTRODUCTION
NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS
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INC
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What are National Communications?
Convention Requirements
Funding Options
GHG Inventory
Mitigation Options
V&A Assessment
Limitations
SNC
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Guidelines
Financial & Technical Assistance
Elements of SNC
Institutional arrangements
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
THE UNFCCC
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 and entered into
force in March 1994.
Ultimate The objective of the Convention:
 To stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gases at levels that
would prevent “dangerous” human interference with the
climate system. Such levels, should be achieved within a
timeframe sufficient to allow the ecosystems to adapt
naturally to climate change, to ensure that food security &
production is not threatened and to enable development to
proceed in a sustainable manner.
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Jamaica became a party to the Convention in April 1995.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol (KP) was adopted at COP-3 in Kyoto, Japan
in December 1997 and entered into force in February 2005 .
 The Major objective of the KP:
Is that industrialized countries (termed Annex B countries) will
reduce their combined greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5%
compared to the 1990 levels by the (first) commitment period
2008-2012.
• The targets ranged from 8% below 1990 levels for some, to
10% above 1990 levels for others.
• There are no targets for developing countries.
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Jamaica became a party to the Kyoto Protocol in June 1999.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
What Are NC?
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National Communications: is one of the mandated
periodic reports to the UNFCCC by all parties to the
Convention on all aspects of their implementation of
the Convention.
All parties are mandated to report on steps taken or
envisaged to be undertaken to implement Articles 4.1
and 12 of the Convention.
What is included in these NC’s and the frequency of
submission is different for Annex I and non-Annex I
Parties.
Jamaica’s initial NC was submitted in November
2000 and we started work on the 2nd NC.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
CONVENTION REQUIREMENTS
ARTICLE 12: COMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION
RELATED TO IMPLEMENTATION
1. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1, each Party shall communicate to
the Conference of the Parties, through the secretariat, the following
information:
a)
A national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by
sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, to the
extent its capacities permit, using comparable methodologies to be promoted
and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties;
b)
A general description of steps taken or envisaged by the Party to implement the
Convention; and
c)
Any other information that the Party considers relevant to the achievement of
the objective of the Convention and suitable for inclusion in its communication,
including, if feasible, material relevant for calculations of global emission
trends.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Initial National Communication
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1994 GHG Inventory
Carbon Dioxide
Sources/Sinks
Emissions
(gigagrams)
Energy Industries
2245
Manufacturing Industries & Construction
4111
Transportation
1257
Other sectors
586
Others
Removal
(gigagrams)
- 18
Industrial Processes
403
Land-Use Change & Forestry
88
- 255
Totals
8690
- 273
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Initial National Communication
V&A Assessment (Scenarios)
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
INC
V&A Assessment (Rainfall Scenarios)
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
INC
V&A Assessment (Water use)
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
INC
V&A Assessment (Agriculture)
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Initial National Communication
V&A Assessment
CONCLUSIONS (VULNERABILITIES)
While this initial national communications report has an initial
investigation of potential vulnerabilities it is clear that there is a need for
further work in the area of vulnerability with regards to climate change.
There is a considerable amount of infrastructure located on the coast,
with the international airports, seaports and a number of industries
being located in areas that would be extremely sensitive to climate
change.
It will be necessary to investigate a number of the socio-economic
vulnerabilities, particularly in area such as tourism. Additional funding
will be required for thorough in-depth analysis in most areas, in
particular coastal zones, water resources, agriculture and the health
sector.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Initial National Communication
V&A Assessment
ADAPTATION
For Jamaica to respond to many of the
vulnerability concerns which have been
identified in the previous section it is clear that
constructive adaptation policies will have to be
implemented so that many of the potential
impacts of a changing climate could be avoided
in Jamaica, or mitigated.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Initial National Communication
V&A Assessment (Adaptation)
Coastal Zones
With regards to the coastal zones it is clear that there is the need for comprehensive
management of the island’s ecosystem, which would involve strategic planning
to avoid the worst impacts, an assessment of the needs for modification of land-use
and implementation of identified land-use strategies and guidelines.
Water Resources
Adaptation options for the Water Resources sector will revolve around an improved
distribution network incorporating water conservation techniques.
Agriculture
Changes in the climate will obviously affect agricultural production and output. The
recent chapter the IPCC regional impacts report notes that with an extension in a
dry season in Pacific islands yields from sugar cane will decrease. Thus the need to
examine alternatives is quite clear.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Initial National Communication
V&A Assessment
CONCLUSIONS (ADAPTATION)
While the above tables have suggested possible and
potential adaptation options it is clear that there is a need
for further comprehensive integrated studies in the area of
adaptation, which will examine the socio-economic issues
which are relevant for the implementation of suggested
adaptation options. What is clear is that the cost for
implementing many adaptation options will be prohibitive
and will call on financial resources that may not be available
to the Government of Jamaica.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
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UNFCCC Guidelines for the Preparation of National
Communications from non-Annex I Parties
The guidelines for the preparation of initial national
communications were adopted by the COP at its second session,
by decision 10/CP.2. These guidelines were used by 106 nonAnnex I Parties to prepare their initial national communications.
At its fifth session, the COP initiated a process to revise those
guidelines. The UNFCCC guidelines, as adopted by the COP, at
its eighth session, by decision 17/CP.8, is the outcome of that
process.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
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Financial & Technical Assistance:
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Provided to the tune of US $405,000.00 by the GEF and
administered through the UNDP
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GOJ counterpart financing to the tune of US $70,000.00 (inkind
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Work started in September 2006 and is expected be
completed in August 2008.
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Total sums allocated for each
component of the communication
Jamaica's Second National Communications Budget
Monitoring&Reporting
7%
National Circumstances
2%
National Circumstances
GHG Inventories
GHG Inventories
20%
CC Mitigation Measuers
CC Adaptation Measures
UNFCCC Objectives
CG&CN
Project Management
29%
Technical Assistance
CPTSD
Project Management
Monitoring&Reporting
CC Mitigation Measuers
7%
CPTSD
4%
Technical Assistance
2%
CG&CN
1%
CC Adaptation Measures
20%
UNFCCC Objectives
8%
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
GHG INVENTORY
• Compiled for the years 2000-2005
• Lead Consultant - Dr. Claude Davis
• Anthropogenic Emissions of Carbon Dioxide,
Nitrous Oxide, Methane by source and removal by
sinks and are encouraged to report HFCs, PFCs,
and SF6.
• Using the 2006 Revised IPCC Guideline
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
Elements of V&A assessments
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What impacts/vulnerability have been observed/
experienced and what are the underlying drivers?
(current vulnerability assessment)
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What are the impacts and vulnerability under projected
climate and projected socio-economic conditions?
(future vulnerability assessment)
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What are the adaptive responses that will be required to
reduce the vulnerability? (adaptation assessment)
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What are the implications for sustainable development?
(policy recommendations)
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
V&A ASSESSMENTS
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Sectors/zones
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Coastal Zone, Human Settlement, Human
Health, Water Resources, Agriculture, Tourism
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Four contracts awarded (Coastal Zone & Human
Settlement; Water Resources & Agriculture: Scenarios &
Human Health; Socio-economic assessments)
Methods and approaches available include
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IPCC Seven- Step Approach and derived methodologies
UNDP Adaptation Policy Framework
NAPA Guidelines
UNEP V&A ASSESSMENT HANDBOOK
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Possible monitoring of the assessment
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Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
V&A ASSESSMENTS
For each of the sector/zone studied the Key
Findings will be presented on the:
 Effects (direct and indirect) of climate variability
and change (impacts)
 Vulnerable areas/communities
 Adaptation strategies
 Integration of socio-economic and environmental
scenarios
 Interrelations between the effects on the different
sectors/zones
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
V&A ASSESSMENTS
For each sector/zone studied adaptation strategies
and measures will reflect:
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Specific adaptation options to the effects of
climate change (current and future)
Assessment/prioritization of these options
General policies having implications for adaptation
Needs for capacity strengthening
Needs for awaraness raising, education and public
information
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
Institutional Arrangements
MLGE
UNDP
NCSP
GHG TEAM
MET SERVICE
PROJECT COORDINATOR
PROJECT
MANAGER
V&A TEAM
NCCC
5CS
MITIGATION
OTHERS
TT, CB, RSO,
Info/networking
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
Institutional Arrangements
National Communication Support Program
 NCSP is a GEF funded programme jointly
implemented by UNDP and UNEP
 To facilitate the preparation of Second National
Communications
 To prepare and disseminate technical and
policy-relevant materials, including training
 To help sustain the national capacity building
efforts
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Second National Communication
Institutional Arrangements
UNDP in collaboration with the
Meteorological Service provides:
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Procurement Services
Logistical Assistance
Financial Disbursements
Technical Advice
Office Space with telephone, faxsimile, Internet connection
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
SNC -USEFULNESS
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V&A assessments will be used to identify
potential projects for funding
Institutionalization of nation response to
climate change
Produce policy-relevant knowledge and
information to effect policy dialogue
Facilitate public education and awareness
for mainstreaming CC concerns at different
levels of the society
Mitigation is a Win…Win…Win
Option for Jamaica
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Mitigation: The reduction of green-house gas
emission.
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The reduction proposed by the Kyoto Protocol is considered by
many as very limited reduction; and that there is need for further
cuts.
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Business as usual with the high dependence on fossil
fuel is an expensive option. We therefore now more ever
need to manage our energy resource more efficiently as
well as look for other sources of energy
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Mitigation:
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More efficient power production - less waste
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Switch to low level green-house gas emission: ( eg.
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Switch to non-fossil fuel, i.e., from oil to renewables:
 Alternative energy sources such as wind, solar,
hydro, geothermal, and bio-energy such as biofuels,
and other new and renewable energy sources and
technologies where possible (more Research
&Development needed)
 Others as well such as fuel cells (more Research and
Development needed)
from coal to oil and from oil to natural gas
Meteorological Service, Jamaica
Meteorological Service, Jamaica