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By Dr. Yasser Adel Hanafy Osman 2009 Outline What are the environmental problems? Are it real? How do we know? Why should we care? What next—what can we do? What is Biodiversity? What is Desertification? What is climatic changes? Biodiversity “ The variety and variability among living organisms, and the ecological complexes in which they live ” Biodiversity Importance Or Why should we care? Desertification The degradation of land productivity specially in arid, semi arid and dry subhumid areas into desert Climatic changes Up normal climatic changes such differ than common ones (cosmological and geological processes) Climate Changes Basic Issues Earth’s climate varies naturally – because of a variety of cosmological and geological processes. “Climate change” refers to an additional, and relatively rapid, change induced by human actions. The additional change – several degrees C within a century – will disrupt the foundations of life on Earth. Ecosystems and life in general have evolved within a narrow band of climatic-environmental conditions. What do climate scientists really think? How do we know? Global mean surface tempratures have increased “Greenhouse effect” Increasing greenhouse gases trap more heat Carbon dioxide Water Methane Nitrous oxide Sulfur hexafluorid e Causes for the environmental problems Human activity Climatic changes (non-human induced) Biological diversity (Animals – Diseases) Human activities Urbanization Mining Pollution Recreation Over population/land stress Overgrazing Over exploitation or using of natural resources Deforestation Precarious agriculture Human activities Human activities have changed the composition of the atmosphere since the pre- industrial era Precipitation patterns have changed Climatic changes Uncertain rainfall River flooding Depletion of surface water Depletion of ground water Fires Soil erosion Sea water intrusion Sand encrogment Why should we care? Sea-level rise projections: a few inches - a few feet •2 ft: U.S. would lose 10,000 square miles •Affects erosion, loss of wetlands, freshwater supplies •Half of the world’s population lives along coasts •Big question: Ice sheets Modulating influences Health Healtheffects Effects Temperature-related Temperature -related illness and death Extreme weatherExtreme weatherrelated (floods, storms, related health effects etc.) health effects Human exposures Climate Change Air pollution-related Air pollution-related health effects health effects Regional weather changes Microbial changes: Contamination pathways Contamination paths • •Heat waves ••Extreme weather •Temperature ••Precipitation Transmission Transmission dynamics dynamics •Sea-level rise Water andfood-borne food-borne Water and diseases diseases Vector and Vector -borne borne and rodent diseases rodent- borne borne diseases Changes in agroecosystems, hydrology Effects of food and water shortages Socioeconomic and demographic disruption Mental, nutritional, infectious-disease and other effects More adverse than beneficial impacts on biological and socioeconomic systems are projected Food production needs to double to meet the needs of an additional 3 billion people in the next 30 years Climate change is projected to decrease agricultural productivity in the tropics and sub-tropics for almost any amount of warming Wood fuel is the only source of fuel for one third of the world’s population Wood demand will double in the next 50 years Forest management will become more difficult due to an increase in pests and fires Climate change is projected to decrease water availability in many arid and semiarid regions One third of the world’s population is Population facing water scarcity will more now subject to water scarcity than double over the next 30 years Estimated 10-15% of the world’s species could become extinct over the next 30 years Climate change will exacerbate the loss of biodiversity Agricultural Lands Coastal Zones Forest Lands Freshwater Systems Arid Lands & Grasslands Food and Fiber Production Provision of Clean and Sufficient Water Maintenance of Biodiversity Maintenance of Human Health Storage and cycling of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Climate change will affect the ability of ecological systems to provide a range of essential ecological goods and services Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change Impacts are worse - already more flood and drought prone and a large share of the economy is in climate sensitive sectors Lower capacity to adapt because of a lack of financial, institutional and technological capacity and access to knowledge Climate change is likely to impact disproportionately upon the poorest countries and the poorest persons within countries, exacerbating inequities in health status and access to adequate food, clean water and other resources. Net market sector effects are expected to be negative in most developing countries Linkage between Climatic Changes, Biodiversity loss and Desertification Reduced Carbon sequestration into Above- and below- ground Carbon reserves Desertification Decreased plant and soil Reduced primary Production And Nutrient cycling Organisms species diversity Reduced Soil conservation Increase in Soil erosion extreme events Reduced (floods, droughts, fires..) Structural diversity Of vegetation cover Reduced And diversity of microbial species in soil crust Carbon reserves And increased Climate change CO2 emissions Loss of nutrients and soil moisture Biodiversity loss Increases Change in And reductions in Community structure Species abundances And diversity Environmental problems Threats Extinction of some genetic resources or Habitat destruction Biodiversity loss Poverty Hunger Diseases Floods Land erosions Immigration Wars Threats So We are facing a severe case of Environmental problems United Nation Convention for Compete Desertification (UNCCD). United nation Convention for Biodiversity (CBD). United Nation Frame work Convention for Climatic Changes. (UNFCCC). Wedges for mitigation “For every complex problem there is an answer that is clear, simple, and wrong.” H. L. Mencken National and International Conferences, workshops and training coerces One destiny for all of us Give us a hand to solve or mitigate those problems Don’t say I am too little Hand on Hand Yes We Can References and important sites The realities and opportunities of climate change - S. Mulkey Climate Change - Dave Griggs www.cbd.net www.unccd.com www.unfccc.com Thank you for giving us a hand [email protected] http://www.scouting4peace.org