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Climate Change Adaptation Around the Baltic Sea – A Policy perspective ASTRA Conference on Climate Change Adaptation and Flood Risks in Coastal Areas Gdansk, 26 October 2006 Lasse Peltonen, CURS/ Helsinki U of Technology Content of presentation 1. What is Policy? 2. Adaptation policy addresses vulnerabilities 3. Adaptation Policy Framework – How to construct a climate adaptation policy? 4. Relevant EU policies 5. Observations and examples from the BSR 6. Conclusions 24/05/17 2 What is a Policy? Policy, politics, polity POLITY – political system, institutional arrangements, constitution. E.g. representative democracy POLITICS – political struggle over goals, political action. E.g. ”power politics” POLICY – programmes of action; A statement by government of what it intends to do, such as a law, regulation, ruling, decision, or order, or a combination of these E.g. Environmental policy, Social policy, Climate policy… adaptation policy? 24/05/17 4 Where do policies come from? The policy process view NEEDS DEMANDS 1. mobilization 24/05/17 2. Agenda setting ISSUES DECISIONS 3. Decision making OUTPUTS 4. Implementation 5 Climate Adaptation Policy… …refers to actions gaken by governments including legislation, regulations, and incentives to mandate or facilitate changes in socio-economic systems aimed at reducing vulnerability to climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Changes can be made in practices, processes, or structures of systems to projected or actual changes in climate Watson R.T. et al. (eds. ) (1996) Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change. Working group II, IPCC Second Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press 24/05/17 6 Limited,Climate slower Change, Including climate variability Mitigation GHG reduction Countries, regions, cities, structures, Industries, organisations, homes, Individuals etc. characterized by their Vunerability Resilience Planned Adaptation Policy Response 24/05/17 7 Adaptation policies address vulnerabilities 1. Physical vulnerability 24/05/17 9 2. Awareness as adaptive capacity 24/05/17 10 3. Social vulnerability 24/05/17 11 4. Institutional vulnerability School buses not used for evacuation 24/05/17 12 Adaptation Policy Framework How to construct an adaptation policy? Adaptation Policy Framework Developed by the UNDP, mainly used in developing countries Provides guidance on designing and implementing projects that reduce vulnerability to climate change and seeks to integrate national policy making efforts with a “bottom-up” movement 24/05/17 15 APF: 5 principles 1. Adaptation policy and measures are assessed in a developmental context; 2. Adaptation to short-term climate variability and extreme events are explicitly included as a step toward reducing vulnerability to long-term change; 3. Adaptation occurs at different levels in society, including the local level; 4. The adaptation strategy and the process by which it is implemented are equally important; and 5. Building adaptive capacity to cope with current climate is one way of preparing society to better cope with future climate 24/05/17 16 APF Structure 1. Scope project Engage stakeholders 3. Characterize future climate-related risks 4. Develop adaptation strategy Increase adaptive capacity 2. Assess current vulnerability 5. Continue adaptation process 24/05/17 17 APF Policy Questions to ASTRA What kind of policy instruments will reduce vulnerability to climate change? What kind of policy decisions might be influenced by the project? How might project results be introduced onto the local, or national policy agenda? 24/05/17 18 What policy development is taking place at the EU level? EU Policies relevant for CC and regional planning Water Framework Directive has potential but currently does not reflect flash floods, cities, nor integrated spatial planning concerns Floods Directive clear climate change link Natura 2000 network & the Habitats Directive moving ecosystems? need for a clear approach for the future in relation to adaptation Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) need to integrate CC Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) important tool with better integration of adaptation concerns in assessments Structural Funds new emphasis on risk reduction The European Spatial Development Perspective and the related European Spatial Observation Network (ESPON) ESPON 1.3.1 project on Natural Hazards ICZM – development ECCP II – European climate change programme phase II 24/05/17 21 How is the BSR prepared for present climate variability? ASTRA Winter Storm Study The Gudrun winter storm in January 2005: was an extreme weather event that affected almost all of the participating countries around the Baltic sea. The storm was exceptional (extent, damages) for the Baltic Sea Region: fiercest event since 1969 17 people died, hundreds of thousands affected Damages exceeding EUR 2.5 billion Wide range of impacts in the BSR countries 24/05/17 23 Differing effects Pärnu, Estonia 24/05/17 Turku, Finland 24 What is the current state of CC adaptation policies in the BSR? Preliminary results from ASTRA (2) Stakeholder survey (PIK): Stakeholders focused on climate change mitigation, lack of basic understanding of adaptation Overview of national policies (ECAT): Policy focus is on mitigation, not adaptation. Examples of sectoral policies exist related to climate variability EU policy is pushing national governments forward (WFD, Floods Directive) Only one national adaptation strategy identified (Finnish national CC adaptation strategy) (Developments in Germany and Denmark) Climate change adaptation is not (yet) an ”umbrella concept” measures may be planned, but not for CC adaptation (”autonomous adaptation”) 24/05/17 27 Example: Swedish EPA Vulnerability study Some analysis of CC impacts exists, but little analysis on vulnerability and adaptation needs Some actions identified related to present-day climate variability (e.g. dam safety) With few exceptions, no concrete adaptation measures to the future climate were found Uncertainty about responsibilities of different actors in relation to CC adaptation: no central authority responsible for adaptation Importance of learning from extremes, Importance of stakeholder dialogue; research & practice 24/05/17 28 Conclusions Adaptation policy: How far are we? WANTS DEMANDS 1. mobilization ISSUES 2. Agenda setting DECISIONS 3. Decision making OUTPUTS 4. Implementation Varies according to sector & region! 24/05/17 30 1. Scoping Are processes systematic? 2. Assess current vulnerability More focus on event and impacts than vulnerability? 3. Characterize future climate-related risks 4. Develop adaptation strategy 5. Continue adaptation process 24/05/17 Increase adaptive capacity Engage stakeholders Adaptation policy: How far are we? Resolution & scale issues Almost no examples! Hopefully before 2100 31 Conclusions Adaptation policy is a very new, emerging policy field (we are filling an institutional void!) Adaptation policy addresses vulnerabilities Adaptation policy framework: solid principles for BSR adaptation policy development Need for further policy analysis: differentiation between governance levels, actors, kinds of intervention Develop indicators for policy development Need for a holistic multi-level multi-stakeholder governance perspective 24/05/17 32 Kiitos! Thank you! Lasse Peltonen Centre for Urban and Regional Studies P.O.Box 9300, 02015 Helsinki University of Technology Tel. +358-9-4514082 Fax. +358-9-4514071 [email protected] http://www.tkk.fi/Units/Separate/YTK/index.html 24/05/17 33