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South-Eastern European Countries
and the post-2012 regime
From Capacity Building point of view
Maria Khovanskaya
5 March 2009
Outline of the presentation
1.
General remarks on scope, geographical coverage, of paper etc
2.
Status of the countries:
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3.
Under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol
Under enlargement process
Major capacity building needs under post- Kyoto regime:
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Enlargement: SEE countries joining the group with firm approach for the
problem of Climate Change
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Commitments and targets, Bali Action Plan,
Reporting: different sets of reporting obligations
Adaptation to the effects of Climate Change
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Current evidence
South Eastern Europe Framework Action Plan on adaptation
Adaptation or mitigation?
4.
Options (summarized) for the SEE countries in the negotiations process
5.
Questions for discussion
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General remarks
• Geographical scope: South Eastern Europe
• Methodological Scope: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia – included in the
paper
• Slovenia – a member state, Annex I Party – not included)
• Croatia – a candidate member states, Annex I Party (not
included)
• Methodology: from capacity building point of view taking
into consideration already existing information.
• What is NOT yet known:
• Type of reduction commitments
• Parties which will take the committments
• Approach to flexibility, whether the flexible mechanisms will last
beyond 2012
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Status of the SEE countries and European Community
under UNFCCC and KP
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Status of the SEE countries vis-a-vis the Convention and Protocol
• UNFCC Convention ratified by all of them - Non-Annex I under the Convention;
• KP ratified by all of the SEE countries - Non Annex B under the Protocol, no quantified GHG
reduction target
• Eligible for CDM mechanisms – on the way to implementation, different stages
• No big carbon polluters
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Enlargement process:
• FYR Macedonia – candidate country
• Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia – potential candidate countries
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European Community is a Party as the only regional economic integration
organization:
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Annex I of the Convention;
Annex B of the Protocol (with 8% emission reduction target in the first commitment period);
True: European Community should comply with the target as old EU-15;
However, reporting obligations for the new MS are the same as for EU-15;
Highly unlikely that in post-Kyoto reporting obligations will become less stringent
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Enlargement
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Comittments and reduction Targets
• SEE countries under the current Bali Action Plan - the
requirement is Measurable Reportable Verifiable National
Appropriate Mitigation Actions
• EC Communication to the European Parliament and the
European Council of the Ministers titled “Towards a
Comprehensive Climate Change Agreement in
Copenhagen” (28 January 2009):
• An autonomous 20% reduction of the EU emissions
by 2020 below 1990;
• A 30% reduction target in the context of a sufficiently
ambitious and comprehensive international
agreement
• Calls on candidate and potential candidates to join
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Reporting:
Current reporting obligations of the non-Annex I Parties
•
Convention (Articles 4.1 and 12): all Parties must report on the steps they are taking or
envisage undertaking to implement the Convention .
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In accordance with the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities", the
required contents of these national communications and the timetable for their
submission is different for Annex I and non-Annex I Parties.
•
Each non-Annex I Party shall submit its initial communication within three years of the
entry into force of the Convention for that Party, or of the availability of financial
resources
•
Core elements of the non-Annex I National Communications:
• emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (GHGs) – year 1990 or 1994 for
the initial NC and year 2000 for the Second NC ;
• details of the activities a Party has undertaken to implement the Convention
• national circumstances
• vulnerability assessment,
• financial resources and transfer of technology, and
• education, training and public awareness
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Reporting obligations under EU
Progress Evaluation Report
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Under the Monitoring Mechanism, the European Commission has to
assess, whether the actual and projected progress of Member States
is sufficient to ensure fulfilment of the EC's commitments under the
UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol;
Commission has to prepare a progress evaluation report, which has
to be forwarded to the European Parliament and the Council by
October each year;
Member States have to submit their respective reports by end of May
– beginning of July once in two years
Content:
• Projections of economic indicators for the economy as a whole and by
sector
• Projections of the GHG
• State of implementation of CCPM (climate related Directives)
• State of Flexible Mechanisms
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Reporting obligations under EU
EU ETS
• 31 March – verified reports from the installations should
be submitted to the respective authorities
• NAP preparation- not any more. But some kind of
preparatory reporting should be expected.
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Reporting of an new EU MS (Annex I, Annex B) under the
UNFCCC and KP
Types of reports
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National Communications (every 5 years);
Initial report to establish assigned amount (once prior to
commitment period);
Report on demonstrable Progress (once in 2006);
Inventories for GHG emissions by sources and removals by
sinks (annually);
Annual report (submitted only in the first committment period,
annually)
• Small trick: the Annual report is not mandatory in the years 20082009. However, to get full eligibiity it is…still mandatory.
•
Submissions of the Parties under various Decisions of COPs
and COP/MOPs (as hoc basis)
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Adaptation
(observation, impact asssessment,
vulnerability assessment, adaptation
measures, indicators of efficiency of
the adaptation measures)
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Scientific evidence of climate change in
SEE
• SEE Climate Change Framework Action Plan for
Adaptation adopted on the ministerial level of a number of
SEE countries in October 2008
• Rapidly raising temprature
• In Europe is it increasing faster than on average in the
world
• Decreasing precipitation + changed precipitation pattern
• Increased occurrence of extreme events
• Vulnerability of water secor, biodiversity, human health,
energy sector, through lost of infrastructure – any other
sectors, tourism, agriculture (including food security),
forestry
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Necessary capacity building activities
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Strengthening the scientific basis for observation and modelling,
promote the international cooperation between scientists;
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Raising awareness at the level of the non-environmental
governmental bodies, (Finnish example);
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Creating sustainable capacities’;
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Improving information flows on the inter-ministerial level;
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Raising awareness at the level of the stakeholders which will be
affected by the consequences of climate change – involving them
(where possible);
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SEE countries at the international
negotiations
• Lack of human capacities vis-a-vis numerous
negotiations groups (Agenda of COP, agenda of
MOP, agenda of SBI, agenda of SBSTA, AWGKP, AWG-LCA)
• Options proposed - summary:
• To continue the negotiations on your own in the most
important group
• Join the other group (G-77, former CG 11)
• Form onw negitiation group
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Question for the afternoon discussion
• Re-grouping of the countries.
• How to converge in the best way the process of
enlargement and implementation of the
Convention?
• Adaptation and mitigation: what’s first?
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Thank you for your attention!
[email protected]
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