Download The Islamic World 600 to 1500 A.D.

ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS
◊ Religion and Society
• Sunni Consolidation
◊ Madrasah: More like tutors than a university
• One teacher certifies student
• Stipends (money) and facilities provided
◊ Worship by practice not belief (Orthopraxy)
• Develops by 1000 A.D.
• Discourages religious and social change
• Increased conservatism
ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS
◊ Religion and Society
• Sufi’s
◊ Spiritual and mystical Islam
• Simplicity, humility, good life over mere practice
• Some ascetics, others devoted to God
• Create brotherhoods and orders to spread actual
faith
• Still exist today
ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS
◊ Religion and Society
• Shi’a Consolidation 10th – 12th Centuries
◊ Concentrated in Iran/Iraq, Lower Indus Valley
• Ismaili’is (Seveners) recognize son of 6th Imam as 7th
Imam
• Revolutionaries control Eastern Arabia, Iraq, Syria in
900’s
◊ Dominant Group (Twelvers) believes in 12 Imams
descended through a different Son of the 6th Imam
• The 12th was taken to heaven and will reemerge
• This will be the Mahdi and will create a holy state
and bring Judgement day (still wait for this today)
Regional Islam
◊ Spain/North Africa
• Spain
◊ Moors (Ummayads) found state under Abd al
Rahman at Cordoba Spain 756
◊ Cultural center of Western world for 200 years
◊ Baths, gardens, commerce, Mosque/University
are earliest in the region (Europeans attend it)
◊ Abd al Rathman III 912-61 is buffer between
Christians and Fatimids in North Africa
◊ Upon his death Christian states rebel and
Toledo lost 1085
Regional Islam
◊ Spain/North Africa
• Spain
◊ Brief Reuinifcation of Islamic Spanish states under
Berbers (Almoravids 1086)
• Persecute Arabized Christians and Jews
• Sparks Reconquista
◊ 1147 Almohads defeat Berbers conquer
Southern Spain
• Cultural revival to 1225
Western Islam
◊ Fatimids
• Shi’ites descended from M’s daughter
• Start in Tunisia then spread to Morocco< Sicily and Egypt
• Thus have 3 Khalif’s 10th-12th C.
◊ Offshoots: Druze – believe one of Fatimid Khalifs is
divine (not really Muslims)
◊ Assassin order in Iran destroyed by Mongols in 1200’s
• Overall, fairly tolerant
◊ Treat Jews and Coptic Christians well
Western Islam
◊ Rise of Ayyubid Dynasty (Saladin)
• Saladin defeats Fatimids in 1171
• Is a general for Turkish general of Syria Nur al din
• Seizes power when Nur dies and conquers Syria, Palestine,
Mesopotamia and Egypt
• Short lived state and Mamluks seize Egpt and Mongols get
the rest by 1260
◊ Mamluks
• Defeat the Fatimids and Saladin’s Empire
• Successfully resist mongols in 1260
• Ruler is a Sultan, orinally were Turk/Mongol slave officers
Western Islam
◊ Mamluk instability
• Become Sultan by assassination, survival of the fittest
• Create as system of military fiefs with Sultan at the top
◊ Greatest Leader is Baybars 1260-77
• Drives out Crusaders
• Revives Abbassid Dynasty to legitimate his rule
• Golden Age after trade with east resumes 1300-40
• Hurt by plague 1347-48
• Finally absorbed by Ottomans and become provincial
governors
The Islamic East
◊ Abassids usurped by Sammanids 875-99 and Buyids
945-1055
• Both are Shia
• These groups in turn are overthrown by former
Turkic slave troops
◊ Ghaznavids 998-1186
• Slave governor Subuktigan Revolts and seizes
Afghanistan
• Greatest Ruler is Mahmud who has empire from
Western Iran to Oxus and Indus Rivers
The Islamic East
• Saljuk Turks
◊ First Turkish Dynasty of Islam
◊ Capture Baghdad and push into Asia Minor
◊ Win the Battle of Manzikert 1071 and shatter Byzantine
Empire
◊ Eventually replaced By Khwarizm 1194 (Basis for Shah of
Iran)
◊ Abbasids briefly gain independence as Khwarizm dynasty
focuses to the east
The Islamic East
• Mongols sweep aside almost all the old Dynasties
◊ First arrive with Ghenghis Khan in 1219
◊ Brief withdrawal as his sons fight over their inheritance
◊ Mongols reappear under his Grandson Hulaga 1256-65
and destroy Iran, seize Baghdad and kill the Khalif
• Only Christians are spared because Hulaga’s wife is
Christian
• Civil War Hulaga v. his cousin Berke (a Muslim) weakens the
attack
◊ Berke rules the Golden Horde and helps the Mamluks defeat Hulaga
1250
The Islamic East
• Mongol civil war permanently splits Mongol Empire
◊ Golden Horde (Russia), Yuan (China), Ilkans (Iran),
Central Asia (Chagatays)
• Timurids and Turkomans
◊ Split weakens Mongols and Turko-Mongol tribe of Timur
emerges from Central Asia
◊ Timur is Muslim convert but is interested only in
conquest and war
◊ Iran falls 185, Syria 1395, N. India 1398, Asia Minor
1402
◊ Creates political chaos, death, disease, ruins
INDIA and ISLAM
◊ First Islamic contacts are Muslim
merchants in South and West India
(Early 700’s)
• Warrior Class (Rajputs) resists Islamic
expansion
• Disorganized and fail to keep Muslims out
• Eventually former Slave troops create
Sultanate of Delhi in N. India 1206-90
Delhi Sultanate
◊ Unstable and repeatedly splits
◊ Strongest state are Bahmanids
• Create Deccan Empire in central India
• Religion and culture
◊ Ruling class are minority (Persianized Turks and Afghans
◊ Ghazis are warriors who force conversion
◊ Sufis convert many low caste Hindu’s in the North
◊ Rulers act like separate caste
• Urdu-Hindi language develops: combination of Rulers Persian
Language plus Arabic and Hindu
The Great Islamic Empires:
The Ottoman Turks
The Ottomans
◊ 1402 reach Danube in Austria
◊ Take Constantinople 1453 and control
Southeastern Europe by 1512
• Ottoman Order
◊ Ruling Muslim Elite
◊ Caliph of all Muslims
◊ Princes are provincial governors
◊ Fratricide to stabilize Gov’t
The Ottomans
◊ Church/State unity
• Ulama made part of gov’t
• Grand Mufti runs religion and works for Sultan
• Sharia respected but Administrative Lawis real
legal system Qanun
• Army controlled through nobles and slav soldiers
• Provincial slave levy of Christians (devshirme)
◊ Janissaries are slave boys converted to Islam and serve
in Army and bureacracy
The Ottomans
◊ Empire peaks 1560 then steady decline
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Shi’ite Safavids seize eastern Territory
Two front war with Austrians and Persians
Too many Janissaries (too expensive)
Rely on mercenaries (fight for pay)
Inflation due to silver prices
Import too much
Population doubles creates unemployment
Nobles break away
Ulama becomes aristocratic elite controlled by hereditary
families
The Ottomans
◊ Defeated at Vienna 1683
◊ Lose Hungary and Yugoslavia
◊ Tr. of Karlowitz 1699 gives Hungary to Austria
◊ Russia seizes Crimea 1774 and claims protectorate over
Orthodox Christians in Ottoman territory
◊ Never Industrialize, surrounded by enimies
Safavid Empire (Sunni Sufis
from Azerbaijan)
Safavid Empire
◊ Become aggressive Shi’ites in 1400’s
• Claim descent from 7th Imam
• 1501 Ismail defeats Sunni’s and controls
territory from Caucasus to Iraq and West
Iran
• Seize East Iran 1512 from Uzbeks results in
constant two front war Ottomans-Sfavids Uzbeks
Safavid Empire
◊ 1514 lose Iraq to Ottomans and move
capital east to Isfahan in Persia
◊ Abbas I: rigid Persian Shia bureaucracy
◊ Takes back Iraq
◊ Trades with English and Dutch and
splits Islam
Safavid Empire
◊ Decline
• 2 front wars
• Huge split between rich and poor
• Bigotry and religious persecution of Shia
Ulama
◊ Rigid shi’ites only Ulama can lead until 13th
Imam returns
◊ Sunni revolts
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire
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Descendents of Tamerlane
Babar (Mongol) = Mughals
Rule from Himalayas to Deccan Plain
Akbar the Great
• 1556-1605
• Uses Hindu officials, cancels head tax,
marries Hindu
• Tries t fuse all religions into one and fails
Mughal Empire
◊ Wars, high taxes = decline 1605-1707
◊ Janhangir 1627 grave mistake and gives
English trading post
◊ Shah Jahan bankrupts state (Taj Mahal)
◊ Tolerance ended and Sihks and Hindus
resist
Sihks
◊ Late 1500’s
◊ Distinct Movement; neither Hindu or
Muslim
◊ Persecuted by Akbar and create
militaristic traditions
◊ Many uprisings
Marathas
◊ Hindu Nationalists
◊ Leader Shivaji creates army
◊ Seize much of India from Mughals but
accept Mughal Shah as leader
◊ Combinatio of the Maratha Deccan
states, Persian attacks and French and
British incursions lead to British takeove
1819 (Shah figurehead until 1858)
Islamic Central Asia
◊ Uzbeks and Chagatays
◊ Shia split leads to alliances with nonMuslims
◊ Hurts trade routes, islates region
Islam in the Southern Rim
Islam in the Southern Rim
◊ Starts with Muslim traders, conversion follows then
conquest of coasts easier
◊ Fails in Buddhist Indochina
◊ Seize Malaysia, Indonesia
◊ Portuguese arrive 1498
• Non-Muslims help them and Europeans displace
Muslims
• Use superior ships, terror and cultural split to win
• Cotrol Acheh, Indonesia coast of India but fail to
convert Muslims