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Thomas Perskin Middle East Essays Maritime innovations in late 16th/ early 17th centuries had large economic impact Economic technologies still being developed /relied upon (oil drills) Military technologies have come into play more recently Stinger missiles used by Afghani rebels Nuclear arms race Technology outside of middle east has produced consumerist culture in the United States/ West Islamic fundamentalists are against this consumerism: this has spurred hatred towards the west Corrin Offenholley - The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic monarchy, and Islam was used to legitimize the sultan. - Overall, pre-Ottoman-Empire collapse, Islam was a force for stability. - This changed after World War on, and when many Arabs tried to gain independence from western imperial powers - One major point of conflict has been the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with many deaths in a conflict over, in many ways, Jerusalem, as Christians, Muslims and Jews all have holy locations there. - Also, Islam has been a major force for nationalism elsewhere in the middle east. Examples include Iran and Egypt. - In Iran, many Muslims felt that the Shah had been corrupted by western moral perversion, and thus overthrew him and instituted a radical fundamentalist government. Laws included the banning of dance, mandated veils, and a reaffirmation of patriarchy. - The Muslim brotherhood is another example of a nationalistic and fundamentalist Islamic group. While Egypt was ruled by the military since freeing itself from western control, recent political upheavals have put this group in power. - Overall, throughout the Middle East’s time since the 1450’s, Islam has been a dominant political force, regardless of whether it was a force for stability or a force for nationalism and instability. - Miscellaneous notes: Egypt, while technically not Middle Eastern country, is important to its culture and history nonetheless. - Also, Arab nationalism wasn’t originally religious, but it certainly could take that form. Kyler Chase • • • • • • • • • • • • middle east still part of Ottoman Empire beginning of 20th century Empire fell end of WWI, nation of Turkey formed middle eastern countries put under watch of League of Nations countries Reza Shah Pahlavi to power in 1925, tries to westernize Iran efforts increase after his return in 1953 and the Europeans had left created social and economic reforms, put forward some women’s rights Islamic Fundamentalists outraged; remove the Shah in the 1979 Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini comes to power, rules Iran as theocracy Iran still unstable today as reformists and fundamentalists struggle for power Jews given homeland in Palestine in 1917, half a million Jews immigrate over time Israel created in 1948, attacked by Arabs the next day, Israel defeats attackers fighting continued throughout 20th century and Israel still contested today • Iraq gains independence in 1947 along with Jordan • Iraq held under the power of Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship. Invades Kuwait 1990 • UN forces put down invasion and capture Hussein in 2003 • fighting continues between Sunni, Shiites, and Kurds even though 2005 constitution • Afghanistan stable throughout most of the 20th century; declared independence 1919 • communist faction seized power during Cold War, but fought by Mujahideen • Soviets invade 1980 but withdraw due to rebel resistance and internal issues in USSR • Taliban take power in 1996 after 14 years of fighting between rivaling factions stabilize country, but house Al Qaeda members. removed from power after 9/11 by UN Kevin Yoo common misconception that Muslim women lack rights because of their religion. mostly due to local laws, culture. before present day, Muslim women did not have a say in marriage, including child custody and divorce. even though a woman and a man have the same job, the woman gets paid back less required to stand separate from the man in religious gatherings. guardianship in the Quar’an used to justify male dominance over females. if a woman did not submit to the husband, she would be beaten and be even returned to the martial home if a woman did not submit to the husband, she would be beaten and be even returned to the martial home primary role of a woman in the Middle East is for her to be a good mother and look over the housework starting from modern times, Middle Eastern women have advocated for more rights and freedom protests and massive movements, speak out against discrimination, and for freedom gained access to education, politics, and professional jobs illegal to abuse women and have been granted rights to divorce and to child custody new degree of freedom is revolutionary woman’s literacy has grown tremendously and in some countries, women are more likely to attend universities than men access to the internet and journalism has made it easier social media has played a very big role in the feminist movement still is a long way to go to achieve liberty for these women.