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Download Outline 16 Nationalism and Islamic Reform in the Interwar Period
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HIST 1301: History of the Arab World Lecture Outline 16: Nationalism and Islamic Reform in the Interwar Period KEY TERMS Great Depression Allal al-Fassi Hasan al-Banna Mohamed bin Badis 1. Imperialism and the Arab World • Mandate system was a compromise trying to blend colonialism and President Woodrow Wilson’s ideal of self-determination • The French and British were concerned with protecting their own imperial interests in region: Britain viewed the Middle East as the crucial land and sea connection to India and the Far East, a source of oil, a strategic location for airbases and communications lines. The French viewed their holdings in Syria/Lebanon as crucial for international prestige and a site for air bases on route to Indochina. The Maghrib was more integral economically and because of the large settler (colon) population, especially in Algeria 2. Social and Cultural Transformations in the Arab World • Population increase, almost doubling, better hygienic practices in cities, new medicines reduced plague and birth rate increased • Countryside was transformed as it came into contact and under the control of government control emanating from cities: less freedom of movement for nomadic populations, transportation revolution (trains, roads, autos, telegraph, airplanes) • Urbanization: mechanization of agriculture, expropriation of land, drought, Great Depression, industrialization; cities divided into traditional (medina) and modern (ville nouvelle) sections; segregation into European and Muslim sections of the city • Cultural transformations: increased literacy, spread of café culture, newspapers, journals, cinema (Egyptian film industry began in 1925), sport (football, tennis), music (Umm Kulthum) 3. Nationalism and Islamic Reform • Legacy of Abduh: secular modernizers and Islamic reformers • Secularization: Ataturk’s model of Turkey, decreased role of shari’a as European codes used for most civil and criminal law except personal status • Women’s Rights: women press for greater role in public sphere, Huda al-Sharawi • Salafi Reformers: In Egypt, Hasan al-Banna creates Muslim Brotherhood to combat lax morality and increase observance of Islam, small groups, study of scripture, prayer; in Maghreb, Algerian Association of Ulama and Ibn Badis, Free Schools, cultural nationalism emphasizing Muslim and Arab identity against French efforts to assimilate Algeria; in Morocco, Allal al-Fasi and early nationalist efforts
