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Transcript
Warm up What is an earthquake? What causes them? Where do they occur? earthquake • Earth shakes • A sudden release of energy due to a break in the earth’s crust Geometry • Focus – break in the crust • Fault – plane with movement • Epicenter – point on the surface directly above the focus Crustal stress • Compression – pushing together • Tension – pulling apart • Shear – pushing in different horizontal directions Folding & faulting • Deformation change in the shape or structure of the Earth’s crustal material • include folding, faulting, breaking, bending, sliding and tilting • Results from extreme stress (motion of plates) • Elevated pressure and temperure effects the behavior of stressed rocks Ductile • DUCTILE change shape without breaking Folding – results from compression in ductile rocks monocline Syncline Anticline Evidence -rolling surfaces, basins, long hills, ridges, valleys visible Faulting • BRITTLE - Crust fracture instead of folding Types of Faults Side view • Shear – San Andreas, Transform • Tension – Divergent, Sierra Nevadas • Compression – Convergent-,Himalayas Body waves • Body waves (P & S) go through the Earth Surface wave travel over the surface • Primary – travel fastest, compression waves, go through liquid and solid, particles vibrate back & forth in the direction the wave is traveling • Secondary – travel slower, stopped by liquid, transverse waves, particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of travel Body waves Surface waves • Surface – craziest and slowest, do the most damage, travel along the surface of the earth What we can learn • Since P & S waves have different characteristics they have been used to determine the boundaries between the layers of the earth • Since P & S waves travel at different speeds, scientists compare the arrival times at 3 seismographs to determine the location of the epicenter Damage • The most intense damage is at the epicenter and where liquefaction occurs • Liquefaction is most likely to occur in natural or artificial landfill – Back Bay, Boston, Marina District, San Francisco Test format • Chapters 9, 10 (II for more information on the types of faults) • Multiple choice • Regular, 12 questions • 8 volcanoes: 3 diagrams, 5 examples or characteristics • 10 short answer, (3 are identifying fault type • 4 open response, 11 to choose from