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Science Do Now: 1-11 EQ: How do Earthquakes happen? LG: Identify the three types of stress movement, the faults they create and the resulting deformation. HW: Study for EQ’s test (Tue. 1/12) Work on project (Due Wed. 1/13) **Q: Label the hanging wall and type of fault? 1. 2. ** 1. Take out your notes What are Earthquakes? Today: ~ Complete PPT What are Earthquakes? Science Do Now: 1-7 EQ: How do Earthquakes happen? LG: Identify the three types of stress movement, the faults they create and the resulting deformation. HW: Study for EQ’s test (Tue. 1/12) Work on project (Due Wed. 1/13) **Q: Label the hanging wall and type of Reverse fault? 1. 2. H ** H Normal 1. Take out your notes What are Earthquakes? Today: ~ Complete PPT What are Earthquakes? Earthquakes What are Earthquakes? Earthquakes: the sudden movement of Earth’s Crust! Where Do Earthquakes Occur? • Mostly occur near tectonic plate boundaries • A break in the Earth’s crust where movement occurs is called a fault. The Three Types of Faults Plate Motion Transform Boundary (shearing) Convergent Boundary (compression) Divergent Boundary (tension) Fault Name Strike Slip Fault Reverse Fault Normal Fault Fault Movement Let’s make a model! • Half sheet of paper = Earth crust On the Earth’s crust, divide into 3 sections • Simply color code each section with a different color (to represent 3 layers of rock) • Fault it (break the Earth’s crust) • Label the hanging wall and foot wall F H What Causes Earthquakes? • Deformation of the plates! Rocks that are under stress can eventually break = EQ! • Elastic Rebound = when rocks suddenly break and spring back to their original shape. Check out the DEMO: http://projects.crustal.ucsb.edu/understanding/elastic/rebound.html How Do Earthquake Waves Travel? There are 3 types of seismic waves: 1. Primary Waves: P-Waves 2. Secondary Waves: S-Waves 3. Surface Waves Click Here for animation! What is the seismograph measuring? • Epicenter: Center of earthquake ABOVE GROUND • Focus: Point where rocks break UNDERGROUND Primary Waves (P-Waves) • • • • Move the fastest Move in a straight line Compress and expand like an accordion Move through solids, liquids, and gases P-Wave Secondary Waves (S-Waves) • 2nd fastest • Vibrate side to side and up and down • Can only move through solids S-Wave Surface Waves • Result of P-waves and S-waves when they reach the surface • Only travel in the crust! • Slowest seismic waves • Make the ground roll like ocean waves • Responsible for surface damage and falling buildings. Surface Waves Notice the top is moving more than the bottom! Surface Wave Diagram How are earthquakes measured? • Seismograph: records ground movements of earthquakes • The pendulum sits still while the ground moves. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/flash/8_3.swf Earthquake Location Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking Loma Prieta, CA 1989 KGO-TV News ABC-7 Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking Kobe, Japan 1995 Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking Kobe, Japan 1995 Earthquake Effects - Surface Faulting Landers, CA 1992 Earthquake Effects - Landslides Source: National Geophysical Data Center Turnagain Heights, Alaska,1964 (upper left inset); Santa Cruz Mtns, California , 1989