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2009–18 Oklahoma earthquake swarms wikipedia , lookup
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Earthquakes Fault • Break or fracture in lithosphere • Shows evidence of moving • Usually located along plate boundaries Normal fault • Tectonic plates are moving apart • Lithosphere is stretching Reverse fault or thrust fault • Tectonic plates are moving towards one another • Oreo demo Strike-Slip fault • Tectonic plates slide past each other What causes an earthquake? • The release of stored up energy as the plates move past each other • The energy moves outward from the fault in all directions in the form of waves • When the waves reach the earth’s surface this causes the ground to shake Primary waves • • • • Compression waves Push and pull Slinky demo The fastest seismic wave Secondary waves • • • • • Shear waves Side to side motion Slinky demo Slower than primary waves Compare to thunder and lightning Love waves • Surface waves • Cause the most damage to buildings • Travel the slowest of all seismic waves How far is the earthquake? • Detect p-waves and s-waves on a seismograph • Calculate difference between waves • Calculate distance to earthquake • Distance = rate X time • Example You are traveling 30 miles/hour and you travel for 2 hours. What distance have you traveled? Distance = (30 miles/hour)x(2 hours) = 60 miles 3 locations to determine where earthquake is located How can structures be built to withstand earthquakes? • • • • Structure demos Weight Height Shape Test how building react in earthquakes • • • • Decide on a design for your building Draw a picture Build structure out of spaghetti and clay Test structure on shake table